Science Guardian

Paradigms and power in science and society

Defending good science, good sense and good scientists (Peter Duesberg, Kary Mullis, Jim Watson, Peter Medawar, Erwin Chargaff, Linus Pauling) against subjectivity and self-interest in the culture wars of cancer, HIV/AIDS, evolution, global warming, nutrition, finance, economics and other fields where reigning wisdom is disputed, judging truth by the peer-reviewed professional and scholarly literature generally opaque to the media, and by the investigative reporting of reliable independent journalists.

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Men truly pious and philosophical are led by their reasons to honor and love only what is true, and refuse to follow traditional opinions, when they are false. - Justin the Christian martyr (scourged and beheaded for refusing to sacrifice to the gods, by command of Emperor Marcus Aurelius).

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    Science is not a democracy (someone tell the New York Times, Economist, Salon etc)

    June 14th, 2005

    The degree to which the media follow majority rule in AIDS coverage is almost farcical, given their liking for assuming the pose of independence. It is also irrational, given the cut throat level of competition with each other and with corrective blogs nowadays. Why not do some original thinking for a change, folks, to distinguish your publication from the hackish horde?

    Apparently, no one has explained to science reporters and their editors that all established science begins as heresy, even if the contrary is not true (that all heresy winds up as established science).

    Like everyone else to whom the stock-in-trade of scientists (their research and textbook knowledge) is as baffling as computer code, media reporters, writers and columnists have only one measure with which to asssess the validity of scientific ideas: how many top ranking scientists believe the claims.

    In other words, when it comes to underinformed reporters science IS effectively a democracy, with its truths voted in by a majority vote.

    Nowhere is this more blatant than in the gratuitous disparaging remarks let loose by almost every major mainstream journal covering AIDS whenever the opponents of the establishment paradigm make an appearance.

    Like some kind of cheering squad for the conventional wisdom no reporter from the New York Times on down seems capable of holding back from a gratuitous phrase suggesting that any dissent is crackpot, and that the proof of this is the fact that the numbers of dissenters appears geometrically smaller to them than the angelic host of the congregation.

    Here is a list compiled by a Web page that has sprung up to defend the dissenters by falling into the same trap, which is to quote as many names as possible on the dissenting side, as if this meant anything at all scientifically.

    The only thing that means anything scientifically of course is the long list of published peer reviewed articles in the best scientific literature that deny in their conclusions the validity of this scientifically unproven paradigm, HIV-causes-AIDS.

    On the other hand, politics is influenced by numbers and also by the credentials of dissenters, so some useful political purpose is served by the list, which details credentials as well as names, both of which amount to a total which should bring this sneering arrogance to a sharp halt.

    Albeit on the same spurious level as the uncalled for sidewipes of the media, it acts as a corrective.

    Here is the list and its introductory collection of media statements which promote the idea that scientific validity is a numbers game:

    You can find it at Grand List of AIDS Dissidents at the African Rainbow Circle

    �a small band of scientists who claim that HIV does not cause AIDS�

    -Nature, March 16, 2000

    �a small band of AIDS gadflies�

    -San Francisco Chronicle, May 26, 1994

    �a tiny scientific fringe�

    �a coterie of merry Internet-surfing dissidents�

    - Mail and Guardian, Johannesburg, April 19, 2002, Dec 20, 2001

    �dangerous scientific cranks�

    -Washington Post, April 20, 2000

    �a small band of scientists with eccentric and discredited opinions�

    �a few maverick American scientists�

    -The Economist, July 13, 2000, Dec 14, 2001

    �a small group of scientists�

    - Daily Californian, July 14, 2000

    �a tiny group of other so-called �dissident� researchers�

    - Chicago Tribune, April 14, 2000

    - San Francisco Examiner, April 21, 2000

    �a small group of people�

    �a fringe group of scientists�

    - Village Voice, March 15-21, 2000

    - thebody.com

    �a few vocal people�

    - The Durban Declaration, Nature, July 6, 2000

    �a small group of mostly white Americans�

    �a handful of white American deniers�

    - Salon.com, July 28, 2000

    �American fringe elements�

    -Newsday, March 29, 2000

    �No serious medical scientist doubts the causal link between HIV and AIDS.�

    - Washington Post, April 18, 2000

    �But Mbeki has for months been courting two dissident U.S. scientists, Peter Duesberg and David Rasnick, who deny that HIV causes AIDS.�

    - Reuters, April 19, 2000

    �Mbeki should not give equal weight to the views of two mavericks against the vast mass of research.�

    - Aegis.com, 2000

    �a small but vocal group of biomedical scientists.�

    ��how exceedingly small the number of professionals is who hold dissident views.�

    - British Medical Journal, 2004

    �a hardy group consisting of two or three scientists (whom no one funds�)�

    - Toronto Globe and Mail, May 4, 2000

    �a handful of dissident scientists�

    - CNN, Reuters, September 22, 2000

    - The Guardian (UK), July 10, 2000

    �a tiny minority of scientists�

    - Scientific American, August, 2001

    �a small group of dissidents�

    - New York Times, July 9, 2000

    �a tiny, widely discredited fringe group�

    - Business Day, South Africa, April 20, 2000

    �a small clique of scientists�

    - Inter Press Service, April 5, 2002

    - aegis.com, 2002

    The list of AIDS skeptics follows, too long to reproduce here without providing an expansion as below (next “show “link).

    If one accepts the numbers game as relevant to the politics of AIDS, however, one can say that this list of dissenting scientists, physicians, attentive journalists and other knowledgeable observers is large enough to demand attention from any serious reporter and editor. Given that many listed on the Durban Declaration evidently (judging from the advisory email quoted in the previous post Galileo said it, Durban proved it: reason is not a democracy) which read as follows, if you don’t want to go back to that post, click this “show” for the quote)

    Many of you will say that HIV/AIDS is not your area. However, over the years you have heard enough of the arguments to understand the association. Furthermore, many of you know well infectious diseases and understand Koch’s postulates. If you have colleagues in the laboratory or in the clinic who you feel would like to sign, please ask them. The more the better. However, please note that in order to be authoritative we feel it necessary to restrict the list to those with major university qualifications.

    had no special knowledge of the matter, one could take the comparative total authority as more or less equal, if not weightier on the side of dissent.

    But once again, one should emphasize that the sizeable group of people involved in science and medicine who oppose current AIDS-think, despite the financial penalty of being cut off from one of the most lucrative streams of funding in science and medicine today, is impressive, but not relevant to whether they are right or wrong.

    Except for the single point that those who oppose the mainstream in this fashion are likely to have thought long and hard before adopting the unpopular position, and have researched the issue far more deeply and thoroughly than the fellow scientists who oppose them, let alone the journalists who make casually disparaging remarks.

    What one can say is that anyone who has read all the publications on this topic by Peter Duesberg of Berkeley (see initial blog posts here) can recognise a scientist who has few peers even among Nobel prize winners in biology in sheer excellence of mind, judged by his clarity, subtlety of logic, and command of both detail and general views in science and language.

    Harvey Bialy, author of “Oncogenes, Aneuploidy and AIDS: A Scientifc Life and Times of Peter Duesberg” (see review in earlier post) and founding scientific editor of Nature Biotechnology, is a leading member of the list whose precise scientific intelligence is another example of how dissidents include several thinkers who outshine any of their opponents. This is undoubtedly why in AIDS personal confrontation in debate on panels or any other stage has been studiously avoided by the promulgators of the paradigm from the beginning.

    Fortunately Bialy’s book in making no concessions whatsoever to the ignorant in terms of “popularizing” his text allows him to demonstrate this brilliance conclusively by unleashing all his scientific expertise and political experience on delivering the precise scientific facts of the matter both in AIDS and in cancer, and illuminating exactly how things went wrong in both fields.

    The account is as much a classic as Duesberg’s seminal papers and books on both topics, and while it may be a struggle in parts for the untutored is satisfyingly elegant because of this lack of compromise, and doubly useful as a weapon in the hands of any doubter faced with the usual claptrap from a scientific defender of the paradigm in AIDS, since all one has to do is hand them a copy of the book, which cannot be dismissed as merely popular misunderstanding of good science, and is evidently equally unanswerable on the level of good science.

    (In fact, a copy of the book was forwarded to a leading figure responsible for oncogene theory by a family member, and a future post here will detail the response.)

    The quality of minds involved is very relevant in this dispute where it often seems that the only reason that HIV-AIDS remains standing as a paradigm is the abysmal lack of intellectual awareness on the part of the crowd that supports it.

    It is becoming hard to open a copy of the New York Times without finding an article on AIDS both internally and externally inconsistent.

    HANDFUL OF SCIENTISTS WHO DOUBT THE HIV-AIDS THEORY: A set of assumptions held by the worldwide Hiv-Aids establishment in the absence of any scientific proof:

    That Hiv causes Aids

    That Hiv tests accurately diagnose Hiv

    That Aids medicines extend life

    That Aids is heterosexually transmitted

    That Hiv and Aids are decimating Africa and Asia

    Much evidence contradicts all of these assumptions. But powerful, drug industry-funded Aids scientists have staked their reputations and credibility (and bank accounts) on these beliefs, so they defend them like religious zealots-with the help of a propagandistic media, awash in drug company advertising revenues, and an equally dishonest NGO sector, made rich by huge drug industry contributions.

    Fortunately, more responsible scientists are now speaking out.

    HIV-AIDS THEORY.

    HERE�S THE REALITY.

    The doubters:

    New additions are shown in red, those who signed a petition questioning the hypothesis that Hiv causes Aids in blue and new additions who are also petition signers in purple. A few of the people listed below question only key parts of the Hiv theory, not all of it. Limitations on their beliefs are shown in brackets

    Earl Aagaard. PhD, Professor of Biology, Pacific Union College, Angwin, California

    Jeanette S. Abel. MD, Portland, Oregon

    Folarin Abimbola. Medical student, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria

    Richard Ablin. PhD, State University of New York

    Laila Abubakar. Researcher, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Dept., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya

    Jotham Achineku. Engineer, Ikeja, Nigeria

    Leonardo Acosta. Journalist, Author of more than a dozen books, Havana, Cuba

    Dr. Kofi Ada-re. London, United Kingdom

    Jad Adams. M.A., Author, The HIV Myth

    Marie Adams. ND, Bastyr University, Seattle, Washington

    PAK Addy. PhD, head of clinical microbiology at the University of Science and Technology in Kumasi, Ghana [Says Aids in Africa is exaggerated and the Hiv tests kill people due to the mental turmoil a positive result causes, which leads to physiological immune depression and suicide]

    �Ayo Adeboye. Physician, Nigeria

    Gabriela Adelstein. Translator, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Tamiru Adisu. Pharmacist, Alexandria, Virginia

    Martin Adjuik. M.Sc., Biostatistician, WHO Fellow, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana

    Karin Wiedmer Aebersold. Homeopathic doctor, Hefenhofen, Switzerland

    Dr. Madhu Agarwal. Homeopathic physician, Nagpur, India

    Vahagn Agbabian. D.O., Pontiac, Michigan

    Paolo Agliano. PhD, Dept. of Mathematics, University of Siena, Italy

    J. Antonio Aguilar B.. Instituto Nacional de Ecologia, Mexico City, Mexico

    Humberto Aguirre. Aids Educator, Psychologist, Atlanta, Georgia

    Dr. Kofi Agyapong. Sons and Daughters of Africa, Washington DC

    Festus Agyei. PhD Student, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Miami University, Ohio

    Naseer Ahmad. M.D., M.A., D.Sc., Toronto, Canada

    Sina Ahmadi. Medical Student, Tehran, Iran

    Syed Masud Ahmed. Physician, MBBS, MPH, Senior Medical Officer, Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Dr. Hyung Jun Ahn. Seoul, South Korea

    Mabili Ajani. Broadcast Journalist, Tampa, Florida

    Vladimir S. Ajdacic. PhD, Nuclear Physicist, Belgrade, Yugoslavia

    Patricia Akeman. R.N., Goleta, California

    Charles Akemann. PhD, Professor of Mathematics, University of California, Santa Barbara

    Crystal Aker. M.Ed., Mathematics instructor, Wright State University, Ohio

    Titilola Akindele. Medical Student, Howard University, Washington DC

    Shreepad Akolkar. MD, DPH (Dipl Public Health), FRIPHH, Pune, Maharashtra, India

    Mohammad Ali Al-Bayati. PhD, Toxicologist and Pathologist, California. Author, Get all the facts: HIV does not cause AIDS

    Joyce Y. Al-Mateen. Medical Records Director, Cottondale, Florida

    Alejandro Alagon Cano. MD, PhD, Researcher, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, El Instituto de Biotecnolog�a UNAM, Universidad Nacional Aut�noma de M�xico

    Fernando Alameda. Engineer, Bogot�, Colombia

    Kleber Alanis. Engineer, St. Petersburg, Florida

    Claudio Alatorre Frenk. PhD. Institute of Engineering, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Co-ordinator, the Large-scale Renewable Energy Development Project of Mexico’s Ministry of Energy.

    Carlos Escudero Albarr�n. Morelia, M�xico. President, Mexican Association for the Scientific Reappraisal of AIDS. Author, VIH La puerta a la iluminaci�n (Hiv, the door to illumination)

    Mirco Alberti. Naturopathic Physician, Bologna, Italy

    Hansueli Albonico. MD, Langnau, Switzerland

    Kathryn Albritton. M.Sc., Brooklyn, New York

    Gloria Margarita Alcaraz L�pez. PhD, Professor of Public Health and Nutrition, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell�n, Colombia

    Morris Alexander. Senior Public Prosecutor, Pietermaritzburg Magistrate’s Court, South Africa

    Barry R. Alexavich. Cell Biologist, Bristol, Connecticut

    Helman Alfonso. MD, Director of Research, Universidad Metropolitana Barranquilla, Colombia; Author, in Spanish, The Great Fiasco: AIDS Is Not Caused by HIV

    Jamila Ali. RNC, NP, Registered Nurse, Nurse Practitioner, New York

    Kassahun Ali. Engineer, Alexandria, Virginia

    Anita Allen. Journalist, former Science Writer, The Star, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Steve Allen. Journalist for ABC and CBS; Filmmaker who has made two documentaries on AIDS: The Surrogate Marker and HIV Equals AIDS: Fact or Fiction?

    Max Allen. Journalist, Canadian Broadcasting Company (CBC)

    Ricardo Almeida. Visiting Professor, Ecological issues, Southern New Hampshire University, Manchester, New Hampshire

    Manuel Almendro. PhD in Psychology, Spain

    Nicholas Altenbernd. Academic Administrator, Writing and Humanistic Studies Dept., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts

    Miguel Alvarez. Professor of Literature, Shanghai, China

    Sanyakhu-Sheps Amare’. M.A., Executive Director, National Electronic Clearinghouse Center (NECC); Adjunct instructor, New Hampshire College, Graduate School of Business

    Kebedech Ambaye. Anthropologist, Technical Officer, United Nations Population Fund, New York

    Jody Amberg. LPC, NCC, ACSAC, Rockwood Counseling Center, Eureka, Missouri

    Roger Ambiel. Nurse teacher, Zurich, Switzerland

    Serafino Amoroso. N.D., PhD, DAHom, New Jersey Center for the Healing Arts, Red Bank, New Jersey

    Emmanuel Anastasopoulos. MD, PhD, Athens, Greece

    John B. Andelin. MD, Mercy Hospital, Williston, North Dakota

    Ken Anderlini. MFA, PhD student, former lecturer at Simon Fraser University, film maker. Aldergrove, BC, Canada

    Serena Anderlini-D�Onofrio. PhD, Professor of Humanities, Interdisciplinary Scholar, and Author, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez

    Mark Anderson. D.C., Orlando, Florida

    Mark K. Anderson. M.S. Physics, Science Journalist, Northampton, Massachusetts

    V�ctor Andrade Sotomayor. MD, Past President of the Peruvian Society of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

    Dr. S.E. Andrejickas. Toronto, Canada

    Michel Andrillon. Editor of Votre Sante (Your Health) magazine, Paris, France

    Pierre Andrillon . Editor in Chief, Votre Sant�, Paris, France

    Nthobi Angel. M.Sc., Director of Communications, Office of The Presidency of South Africa

    Flavia Angelico. Documentary Film Maker, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Rich Angell. Writer; Editor, Circumcision Information Network. Missoula, Montana

    Douglas Angulo. Mathematician, Biostatistician, Caracas Venezuela

    Heather Anthony. M.A., Yonkers, New York

    Philipp Anwer. Graduate Student in Biochemistry, Boston University

    Antonio Eduardo Araujo Miranda. MD, Madrid, Spain

    K.C. Aravind. M.Sc. Student Microbiology, Chennai, India

    Jose Pedro Arce. Biologist, Ensenada, Mexico

    Delia Arellano. Journalist, El Bravo newspaper, Matamoros, Mexico. President, COFRES (Brotherhood Counsel of Health and Hope)

    Lore Aresti. Psychoanalyst, Mexico City, author VIH=SIDA=MUERTE? (Hiv=Aids=Death?)

    Montse Arias. Journalist, Director of the Spanish version of the journal The Ecologist and of the newsletter Vida Sana, press reporter of Biocultura, Spain

    M.A. Armenteros. N.D., Naturopathic Physician, Downey, California

    Janet S. Arnold. MD, Family Physician, Richland, Washington

    Halton Arp. B.S. Harvard University, PhD, California Institute of Technology. Astrophysicist, Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics, Munich, Germany; awarded the Helen B. Warner Prize of the American Astronomical Society, the Newcomb Cleveland Award of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award; President of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1980 to 1983. Author of The Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies and Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and Academic Science

    Angel Lopez Arteaga. Electrical and Electronic Engineer, Madrid, Spain

    Christopher Asaro. PhD, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Entomology, University of Georgia

    Dr. Raymond Kimika Assumani. President, Centre D’education Et De Formation Integree, Gen�ve, Switzerland and Uvira, Zaire

    Elizabeth Attig. Registered Nurse, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania

    Claude Aubry. Physician, Florida

    Trina Augello. Student of Oriental Medicine, Kissimmee, Florida

    Niels Auhagen. MD, Berlin, Germany

    Andrew Ausman. Software Engineer, Los Angeles, Calif

    E. Austin. M.Sc., Victoria, British Columbia

    K.C. Avarind. Student M.Sc, Microbiology, Chennai, India

    Dr. Bernardo Avila. Sabadell, Spain

    Keidi Obi Awadu. (aka The Conscious Rasta), Writer, Documentary film maker, Los Angeles. Author of over 20 books including Aids Exposed

    Steve Ayorinde. Editor, The Comet Newspaper, Lagos Nigeria

    Jose Manuel N. Azevedo . Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Acores, Portugal

    Aka Babatunde. Constitutional Lawyer, Lagos, Nigeria

    Emmanuel Babissagana. M.A., Legal Theorist, Yaounde, Cameroon

    Laurence Bacchus. Diploma in Naturopathy, Auckland, New Zealand

    Eric Bach. Nurse, Director, School of Holistic Health, Brussels, Belgium

    Anthony Bacic. PhD, Perth, Australia

    Lawrence Badgley. MD, San Francisco. Author, Healing Aids Naturally

    Salah Badjou. PhD, Physics, Research engineer, Lancaster

    Ankomah Baffour. Journalist, New African Magazine

    Graziano Baiesi. MD, Bologna, Italy

    Anuka Baijoo. Research Chemist, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

    James C. Baker. PhD, Santa Rosa, California

    Jeff Baker. M.A., former Immunology grad student, Northwestern University Medical School; Advanced Placement Biology Teacher, Auburn Hills, Michigan

    Robert D. Baker. DVM, Veterinarian, Lagunitas, California

    Richard B. Baker. CGS, MRP, Rochester, New York

    Bego�a Balaguer. PhD, Valencia, Spain

    Lord Baldwin. Joint Chairman of Britain�s Parliamentary Group for Alternative and Complementary Medicine

    Wilfried Bales. Heilpraktiker, Cologne, Germany

    Sharadendu Bali. MD, MBBS, Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Santosh Medical College Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Michele A. Ball. MSW, EAV cert, Psychotherapist, Kingston, Canada

    Gustavo Ballejo Olivera. MD, PhD, Professor Associado, Farmacologia, Ginecologia e Obstetr�cia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir�o Preto, Universidade de S�o Paulo, Brazil

    Rudolph Ballentine. MD, former Professor of Psychiatry at Louisiana State University; President of the Himalayan Institute for 12 years and Director of its Combined Therapy Department for 18 years. Author of the book, Radical Healing

    Ralph Ballerstadt. PhD, Biotechnologist, Palatine, Illinois

    Dr. Nguyen-phuoc Bao-quy. Medical Practitioner, MBBS FRACGP MACNEM, Sydney, Australia

    Peter Baratosy. PhD, MBBS, Dipl. Acupuncture, Dipl. Clinical Hypnotherapy; Physician, Fellow of the Australian College of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine; Author, Can you really believe what your doctor tells you? and There is Always an Alternative

    Claudio Barbaranelli. Associate Professor of Methodology, Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy

    Sandi Levy Barbero. MSW, Las Vegas, Nevada

    Claudio Bardella. London School of Economics, UK; Author, Pilgrimages of the Plagued: Aids, Body and Society

    Andries Sechaba Bareetseng. PhD, Bolemfontein, South Africa

    Maria Pia Barile. PhD, Professor of Biochemistry, University of Bari, Italy

    Diego Barone. Engineer, Bergamo, Italy

    Raymond A. Barrell. LL.B., Johannesburg, South Africa

    Jose Barrera. Technical Engineer, Seville, Spain

    David Bartell. Science Fiction writer, BA, Astrophysics

    Mark Bartlett. Microbiology Technologist, Communicable Disease Investigator, Toronto, Canada

    Larry Barton. M.A., Technology Liaison, University of North Dakota

    Eugen Bartuska. Specialist Anaesthetist, DEAA, Berlin, Germany

    Robert W. Bass. Ph.D, Johns Hopkins, Rhodes Scholar, Professor of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young Univ., Provo, Utah: Senior Editor, Kronos, A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis

    Farouk Bassa. Asst. Professor, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Durban-Westville, South Africa

    Shamita Basu. PhD, Lecturer, The Institute of Development Studies, Calcutta, India. Former Professor of Political Science, Calcutta University. Author, Religious Revivalism as Nationalist Discourse (Oxford, 2002)

    Giovanni Battista Baratta. Professor of Astronomy, Osservatorio Astronomica di Roma, Italy

    Angelo Battiston. D.C., Cape Town, South Africa

    Henry Bauer. PhD, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry & Science Studies and Dean Emeritus of Arts & Sciences at Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University; Author, Fatal Attractions: The Troubles with Science .

    Eleen Baumann. PhD, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Director of Undergraduate Studies, University of Oregon

    Michael Baumgartner. Secretary General, International Forum for Accessible Science (IFAS)

    Amando Bautista. PhD student in Biology, Universidad Nacional Aut�noma de M�xico

    Jaime Bayona-Prieto. PHT, NRH, Universidad de Pamplona, Colombia

    Greg Beattie. Author, Vaccination - A Parent�s Dilemma. Forest Hill, Australia

    W.H. Beauman. Environmental chemist, Chicago, Illinois

    Alejandro Becerra. M.A., Mesa, Arizona

    Luc B�lisle. Journalist, Montreal, Canada

    Alain Guy Bellhomo. Dipl.-Ing., Engineer, Wilhelmshaven, Germany

    Eros Belliveau. Research Study Asst., Univ. of Washington Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Allergy & Infectious Diseases

    Carsten Bellon. PhD, Engineer, Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany. Author, Computersimulation radiographischer Pr�fverfahren

    Richard Beltz. PhD, inventor of AZT, Professor of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, California [Says leading Aids drug AZT is too toxic and should not be used]

    Caio Benevolo. M.A., Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

    Andr�e-Pierre Benguerel. PhD, Professor Emeritus, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

    German Benitez. MD, Director, Asociacion Medica Homeopatica de Colombia, Bogot�

    Luis Ben�tez-Bribiesca. MD, Unidad de Investigaciones Oncol�gicas, Hospital de Oncolog�a, Mexico City

    Pietro Mariano Benni. Attorney, Documentary Film Maker. Journalist for ANSA (Italian News Agency) and many Italian magazines; formerly editor-in-chief of Reader’s Digest (Italian edition). Managing Consultant for Missionary Service News Agency. Rome, Italy

    Andrew A. Benson. PhD, La Jolla, California

    Gregory Benvenuti. Engineer, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Christopher Berg. Dartmouth-educated astronomer and author of AMAZEing Art: Wonders of the Ancient World. Berkeley, California

    Richard M.A. Berger. DDS, Berkeley, California

    Arthur Berken. MD Is the human immunodeficiency virus really the initiator of human immunodeficiency? (letter) New York State Journal of Medicine (February 1988)

    David Berner. MD, Condon, Montana

    B Bernhard. Master of Public Health, Germany

    Herbert Bernstein. DDS, Clinical Associate Professor, Oral Surgery, University of Miami, Florida

    Rachel Bernu. Journalist - Eye on Africa, Washington, DC

    Tom Bethell. Author, researcher, Hoover Institution, Palo Alto, California

    India Bharti. M.Sc Biochemistry, Melbourne, Australia

    Tathagata Bhattacharya. M.A., Journalist, The Pioneer, New Delhi, India

    Uday Bhawalkar. PhD, Biochemical engineering, Maharashtra, India

    Harvey Bialy. PhD, Founding scientific editor, Nature Biotechnology. Resident Scholar, Institute of Biotechnology/Autonomous National University of Mexico, Member, South Africa Presidential Aids Advisory Panel

    Enrica Bianchi. Biologist, Bologna, Italy

    Luca Biasco. Researcher in Pediatric Leukemia, S.Orsola/Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy

    Hans Bicker. Biologist, Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles

    Robert Bielik. Engineer, Uppsala, Sweden

    Anatole Bihina. Journalist and Novelist; Author, Secret d’enfance, Yaounde, Cameroon

    Laura Elena Billiet. Psychologist, Buenos Aires, Argentina; author, HIV-Sida. La �poca de Inmunodeficiencia (HIV-AIDS. The era of immunodeficiency)

    Lloyd Billingsley. Editorial Director, Pacific Research Institute, San Francisco; Author of many books and articles on public policy, education, and other issues

    Irwin H. Binder. MS HRD, Fort Wayne, Indiana

    Antonio Bindi. DDS, MSD, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Robert W. Birge. PhD, Berkeley, California

    Paul Bishop. Architect, San Diego, California

    Bill Bissell. M.A., Seattle, Washington

    Mala Bissoon. MNIMH, Co-ordinator of Anatomy, The London College of Traditional Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, UK

    Christopher Black. Attorney, Toronto, Canada

    Inez Blackburn. Faculty, University of Toronto at Mississauga

    Fernandez Blackshear. RN, Silver Spring, Maryland. Board Member, Doctors for United Medical Missions, Inc.

    Shelly B. Blam. PhD, Alameda, California

    Raymond Blanchette. Engineer, Brossard, Canada

    John S. Blankfort. DDS, San Francisco, California

    Wolf Blazejczak. Engineer, Berlin, Germany

    Robert Bleakney. PhD, Religion and Social Ethics, Worcester, Massachusetts

    Uwe Blesching. PhD Student, Western Institute for Social Research, Berkeley, California

    Peter Blum. Hypnotherapist, Woodstock, New York

    Seth Blumencranz. Mechanical Engineer, Huntington, New York

    Julie Blyth. Medical Librarian, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia

    Helmut Walter Boehnke. Heilpraktiker, Alternative Medicine, Berlin, Germany

    Connie Boles. MSW, RSW, Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, Canada

    Steven Boman. M.Div., C.H, Certified Hypnotherapist, Minneapolis, Minnesota

    Erik Boni. Editor, Firenze University Press, Italy

    Giuseppe Borz�. PhD, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of Messina, Italy

    Drs Lodewijk Bos. M.A., Utrecht, Netherlands. Founder of the International Council on Medical and Care Compunetics, ICMCC

    Henk Boshoff. PhD Candidate, University of Pretoria, South Africa

    Dorothy L. Bosworth. PhD, Carlsbad, California

    Llu�s Botinas. PhD, Barcelona, Spain

    Alexandru Botu. Engineer, Bucharest, Romania

    Rhoda-Mary Bowell. Journalist, Dublin, Ireland

    Claude Bowen. Director of Human Resources, Minority Aids Project, Los Angeles, California

    Maja Boxhorn. Instructor in Veterinary Homeopathy, Asthanga Research Institute for Homoeopathy, Hagen bei Murnau, Germany

    Colin Brace. Writer/Editor, Amsterdam, Netherlands

    Len Bracken. Author and novelist: Shadow Government, The East is Black, Freeplay and other books

    Nanette Bracken. Attorney, Ridgefield, Connecticut

    Lawrence Bradford. PhD, Associate Professor of Biology, Benedictine College, Kansas

    Bruno Braeckman. Traditional Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture practitioner, former Chairman of the Belgian Acupunctors Federation (1983-1997), Gent, Belgium

    Mack M. Braly. M.A., J.D., Adjunct Professor of Evidence, University of Tulsa Law School, Oklahoma

    Mary Brand. Former US Dept. of Agriculture Consumer Safety Inspector. Red Springs, North Carolina

    Gerrit Brand. PhD, University of Utrecht, Netherlands

    Martien Brands. MD, PhD, Senior lecturer, Dept. of Primary Care, University of Liverpool; Free University, Amsterdam, Netherlands

    Barbro Bransome. MD, Family Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden

    Michael Bransome. MD, Karolinska Institute, Dept. of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden

    Christopher Branstetter. M.A., Brooklyn, New York

    Maurizio Braucci. Novelist, Naples, Italy. Author, Il mare guasto, which won the Premio Arezzo, the Premio Ultima Frontiera Volterra and the French Prix du livre Arte Mare Bastia awards

    Tucker Brawner. DPM, Savannah, Georgia

    Dan Bredemann. Playwright, director, TV writer, journalist, lecturer at Fordham University

    Devon D. Brewer. PhD, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington [Says Hiv is not transmitted by penile-vaginal sex]

    William Briden. PhD, Instructor in Mathematics, University of Rhode Island

    Brian E. Briggs. MD, Minot, North Dakota

    Ian Brighthope. MBBS, DipAgrSc, MATA, FACNEM, Australia, President of the Complementary Healthcare Council of Australia and the Australasian College of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine; author, The AIDS Fighters [Says Aids can be cured by Nutritional Supplements]

    Anthony Brink. Attorney, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Author, Debating AZT and The Trouble with Nevirapine.

    Pierre Brisson. Editor, L�usage des drogues et la toxicomanie, Montreal, Canada

    Sandi Brockway. Founder Macrocosm USA, Writer/Editor, Cambria, California

    Stuart Brody. PhD, Adjunct Research Associate Professor of Medical Psychology, University of Tubingen, Germany. Author, Sex at Risk [Says Hiv is not transmitted by penile-vaginal sex]

    Christina Bromme. Instructor, University of British Columbia

    Andy Brook. Engineer, Gloucestershire, UK

    Christopher Brooks. Ph.D, Geophysics, ANU, Vankleek Hill, Ontario, Canada

    Dean M. Brooks. Engineering Physicist, founder of Ekaros Analytical, Vancouver, Canada

    Natashya Brooks. Student of Oriental Medicine, Berkeley, California

    Jordi Brotons. Retired Professor of Mathematics, Alcoi, Spain

    Darin C. Brown. Graduate Student, Mathematics, University of California, Santa Barbara

    Douglas W. Brown. MD, Portland, Maine

    Janet Brown. PhD, UCLA, Los Angeles

    Paul Brown. J.D., MPP, Houston Texas

    Raymond K. Brown. MD, author, AIDS, Cancer & the Medical Establishment

    Ronald Brown. Biology Teacher, Table Grove, Illinois

    Tony Brown. MSW, Journalist, Founding Dean of the School of Communications at Howard University; Coordinator of the historic Walk To Freedom March with Martin Luther King, Jr.; Producer and host of Tony Brown�s Journal on PBS; Advisor to the Harvard Foundation for Intercultural and Race Relations; Author, Black Lies, White Lies

    Wayne E. Brown. Registered Pharmacist, Houston, Texas

    Dr. Paolo Brunetti. Societ� Editrice Andromeda, Bologna, Italy

    Deanna Buck. Neuroscience Researcher, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, Blanchette Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Rockville, Maryland

    Patrick Buck. Lecturer in Chemistry, University of Nebraska

    Otto Buerckner. Heilpraktiker, Warstein, Germany

    Anne Buffardi. MPH, International Program Manager, University of Washington Center for Aids Research, Seattle

    Frank Buianouckas. PhD, Professor of Mathematics, City University of New York

    Svetoslav Bulatov. MD, D.Hom, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Derwin Michael Bullard. MS Ed in counseling; Doctoral candidate in Clinical Psychology, Far Rockaway, New York

    William Burchette. JD, Elkin, North Carolina

    Roberto Burciaga. M.A., Guadalajara, Mexico

    David Burd. US Patent Examiner in Medical Technology, Chevy Chase, Maryland

    Lydia Burdick. M.Sc., Clinical Psychology, New York. Author, The Sunshine on My Face - A Read-Aloud Book for Memory-Challenged Adults

    Rudolf Burg. MD, Kirchstetten, Austria

    John B. Burgin. DDS, Crowley, Louisiana

    Ernesto Burgio. MD, Pediatrician, Palermo, Italy

    Andrew Burgoyne. Hypnotherapist, Launceston, UK

    Jennie Burke. MD, Sydney, Australia

    Elinor Burkett. Journalist, Miami Herald

    Robert A. Burns. Graduate Student in Molecular Biology, University of New Brunswick, Canada

    Randall Burns. M.Sc, Washougal, Washington

    Kayla Burrows. Drug Action Service, a drugs/AIDS hotline, Nassau, Bahamas

    Scott Bussom. Medical Student, University of Bridgeport College Of Naturopathic Medicine, Connecticut

    Jabulani Buthelezi. Engineer, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Jacqueline Butler. PhD, Psychologist, Nashville, Tennessee

    Peter J. Buxtun. San Francisco, Public Health Service venereal disease interviewer who blew the whistle on the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

    Michael Buyinza. MD, Psychiatrist, Buffalo, New York. Former NIMH fellow. Also MPH, completing a PhD in Public Health at New York University

    Stephen C. Byrnes. PhD, Natural Therapist and Nutritionist, Honolulu, author, Overcoming AIDS with Natural Medicine

    Liz Byrski. Author, Facing Cancer-Searching for Solutions and other books. Adjunct Teaching Fellow, Curtin University of Technology. Winner, CSIRO Award for Excellence in Science Journalism (1996), Fremantle, Western Australia

    Guillermo Caba. Journalist, Spain

    Ermenegildo Caccese. PhD, Mathematician, University of Basilicata, Italy

    Marco Caceres. Co-founder, Project Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras

    Stephen Caiazza. MD, New York internist

    Marina Caldas. Medical Journalist, Lisbon, Portugal

    Susan E. Caliri. DDS, Berkeley, California

    Melinda Calleira. President, American Association of Science & Public Policy, Los Angeles, California

    Dennis Cambly. Managing Editor, Times 10 Magazine, Edmonton, Canada

    Dan Cameron Rodill. Journalist, former correspondent for CBS News, New York City

    Robert Campbell. Hiv-Aids Social Worker, Brooklyn, New York

    Joseph Campbell. PhD, Nutritionist, Victoria, BC, Canada

    Andrea Campisano. Graduate Student, Biotechnology, Universit� degli Studi di Catania, Italy

    Dr. Nicolas Campos. Naturopathic physician, Chiropractor, Los Angeles, Degree in Molecular Biology from UC Berkeley

    Alvaro E. Campos. Attorney, Bogot�, Colombia

    Jose Canas. Licensed Practical Nurse, Brentwood, New York

    Alton L. Cannon. Attorney, Leitchfield, Kentucky

    Mikhail Cannon. Nurse, Research Manager, Oncology Unit, Huddersfield Royal Infirmary, West Yorkshire, UK

    Frank Cannonito. PhD, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine

    Nghia Cao. MD, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Dominique Caouette . PhD, Cornell University; Asst. Professor, University of Montr�al. Former Lecturer, University of Ottawa. Former Program Officer, Inter Pares

    Peter Capainolo . M.Phil, Adjunct Faculty, Dept. of Biology, City College of The City University of New York; Scientific Assistant, Division of Vertebrate Zoology - Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City; Research Associate, Long Island Natural History Museum

    Roberto Cappelletti. MD, Specialist in Orthopaedics and Senior Surgeon, Hospital of Mezzolombardo, Italy. Former Director of Orthopaedic Department, Dodoma Regional Hospital

    Russel Capra. Physicist, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Joseph Capriotti. MD, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

    Jose Carboneras. Naturopathic medical practitioner, Valencia, Spain

    Felipe C�rdenas T�mara. M.Sc., H.D., Di Hom, Assoc. Professor of Ecology, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot�, Colombia. Former Instructor, British Institute of Homeopathy. Author, Manual de Gesti�n Ambiental, Paisajes culturales: enfoques antropol�gicos para la comprensi�n de la relaci�n-ecosistema cultura and other books

    Anne Carl. Law Student, Tuscon, Arizona. Recipient of the Andrew Silverman Community Service Award

    Kent Carlander. Instructor, Santa Barbara College of Oriental Medicine, California

    Alejandro J. Carmona. DDS, Mexico City

    Casey Carter. MBA, Pinehurst, North Carolina

    Rhys B. Cartwright-Jones. Attorney, Cleveland, Ohio

    John Carville. Language Editor, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Norway

    Jos� Vicente Casas D�az. MD, Secretary General of the Ministry of Social Protection, Colombia

    Raffaele Cascone. PhD, Research Director, Henri Laborit Institute of Systemic Therapy, Rome, Italy

    Doug Casey. Editor, The International Speculator, Author of the #1 NY Times bestseller, Crisis Investing [Says he has seen no evidence of an Aids plague anywhere in Africa]

    Leo Cashman. Health and Environmental Journalist; President, DAMS Intl. (Dental Amalgam Mercury Syndrome); Co-founder, National Health Freedom Coalition. Minneapolis, Minnesota

    Fabio Casiroli. Founder, Systematica Italy; Teaches Urban Planning at Politecnico di Milano, Italy

    Chiara Castellani. M.Sc., Physics, Rome, Italy

    Beatriz Castiglioni. Psychoanalyst, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Dr. Robert Cathcart. San Francisco, California

    Hiram Caton. PhD, Ethicist, Head of the School of Applied Ethics at Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia

    Ivor Catt. M.A., St. Albans, UK

    Sergio Cattani. Pharmacist, Trento, Italy

    David Causer. PhD, Department of Medical Physics, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia

    Federica Ceccarini. PhD, Psychology, Universit� degli Studi di Padova, Italy

    Paolo Celli. Physicist, Parma, Italy

    Jorge Chacon. Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico. Co-author, Estrategias de lectura: tecnicas para mejorar la velocidad y la comprension

    Dr. Leon Chaitow. D.O., N.D., M.R.O., Osteopathic Physician, Naturopath, Acupuncturist, UK. Senior Lecturer, University of Westminster, London. Director of Research and Senior Therapeutic Advisor for the THERA (Therapy, Health Education and Research Association) Trust. Author of over 50 books including The Acupuncture Treatment of Pain, Amino Acids in Therapy and Probiotics

    Asit K. Chakraborty. PhD, Omaha, Nebraska

    Dipankar Chakrovorty. Journalist, New Delhi, India

    Camille Chalmers. Professor of Economics, Universit� d�Et�t, Port au Prince, Haiti. Executive Secretary, PAPDA - the Platform for the Advocacy of Alternative Development in Haiti. Director of former President Jean Bertrand Aristide�s staff

    Jack G. Chamberlain. PhD, Berkeley, California

    Dr. Jimmy Chamorro. Honorable Senator, Colombian Republic (AIDS without HIV: A new path for researching in the next century)

    Ching-Chee Chan. PhD in physical chemistry, University of Manchester, UK, 1967; AIDS researcher and writer, Canada

    Dennis Chaney. PhD, Chaney Scientific Inc. Burlingame, California

    Mark Chanley. PhD, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas

    Simon Chapman. PhD, Professor of Public Health, University of Sydney, Australia [Says there is little or no risk to heterosexuals]

    Christine Charlton. Nurse, Norton, UK

    Ronald M. Chase. MD, Physician, Hauppauge, New York

    Robert B. Chatelle. B.A., Harvard University; Writer, Boston, Massachusetts. Chair of the Political Issues Committee of the National Writers Union

    Garga Chatterjee. MBBS, Physician, Calcutta, India

    Siafa Chauke. Senior Law Student, University of South Africa

    Arturo Chavez. Biologist, State Secretary of Urbanism and Environment, Michoacan, Mexico

    David Che. DDS, Chicago, Illinois

    William Chegwidden. Medical Journalist/Translator, Le Mans, France

    Mark Chen. Teaching Assistant, Psychology, University of Hull, UK

    Paul Cheney. MD, PhD, internist, North Carolina

    Nicholas Chester. PhD, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

    Vishal Chhabra. Psychiatrist, Bangalore, India

    Donna Chiarelli. Women�s Health Interaction, Ottawa, Canada. Co-author, Uncommon Questions: A Feminist Exploration of AIDS

    Shih-Chang Chien. M. Sc. Chemist, National Taiwan University, Taipei

    Wallace Chigona. PhD, Lecturer, University of Cape Town, South Africa

    John Child. M.A., Cape Town, South Africa

    Mukai Chimutengwende-Gordon. Fifth-year medical student at Bristol University, England

    Rupa Chinai. Journalist, The Times of India

    Richard Chirimuuta. Co-author AIDS, Africa and Racism

    Vivian Chong. News Editor, Ming Pao newspaper, Toronto, Canada

    Frederick Chosson. PhD, Physics and Engineering Science, Toulouse, France

    Ramesh S. Chouhan. PhD, MBBS, FICMCH, Himabindu Foundation, Bangalore, India

    William Choulos. Attorney, San Francisco, California

    Peter Chowka. Journalist, Writer, alternative medicine expert who has appeared on NBC, PBS, ABC and CBC. Advisor to U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Alternative Medicine

    Lorna Christensen. M.A., M.S.W., LCSW, Psychotherapist, La Jolla, California

    Claudia Christian. MA, LPC, CACIII, Licensed professional counselor; addiction specialist, Denver, Colorado

    Lynge Carlshollt Christiansen. PhD, Molecular Biologist, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Mattheos Christoforidis. MD, Dept. of Neuropathology, University of Leipzig, Germany

    Christo Christov. Dipl.-Eng. Engineer, Brno, Czech Republic

    Christina Cianci. Molecular Biologist, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

    Prof. Guido Ciccarone. MD, Rome, Italy

    D. Rachael Cicone. Laboratory Manager, Boston, Massachusetts

    Felix Cifire. PhD, Scientist, Molecular Tumor Genetics Group, Max-Delbruck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; formerly with Institute of Medical Virology, Charit� School of Medicine, Humboldt University, Berlin

    Gary Cifra. President, Alliance for Research Accountability, Los Angeles, California

    Randy Cima. PhD, Psychologist, Riverside, California

    Roger Clague. Private Tutor of Math and Science, Birmingham, UK

    Frank Clare. Film Maker, San Francisco, California

    Hulda R. Clark. PhD Physiology, ND, author, The Cure for HIV and AIDS and other books

    Timothy J. Clark. RN, Lexington, North Carolina

    Marlene Clarke. Western North Carolina Aids Project, Asheville

    Mar�a Jes�s Clavera Ortiz. MD, Pediatrician, Dipl. in Epidemiology and Environmental Health; Research Director, Niima Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Associate, Medical Autism Center of Barcelona; Member, National Epidemiological Commission of the Toxico Syndrome

    Sandra Clay. M.A., Palos Verdes, California

    John Claydon. D.Hom, Tunbridge Wells, UK

    Vittorio Clementi. Meteorologist, Rome, Italy

    Vernita Clinton. Grad. Student, Student teacher, Chemistry Dept., Western Illinois University

    Matteo Codecasa. Engineer, Milano, Italy

    Jennigay Coetzer. Journalist, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Jo�o Quadros Coimbra. Professor of Data Processing, Funda��o de Apoio � Escola T�cnica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Luigi Colaianni. PhD, RomaTre University, Milano, Italy

    Jos� Colastra. Naturopathic Doctor, Madrid, Spain

    Luciana Colavecchia. M.Sc., Campobasso, Italy

    Annemarie Colbin. PhD, Nutritionist, New York. Author, Food and Healing, Food and Our Bones: How to Prevent Osteoporosis Naturally and other books

    Lawrence Cole. Electrical Engineer, Pasadena, California

    Leslie Cole. M.Sc., Former Adjunct Professor, New Jersey City University. Union, New Jersey

    Toby Cole. Engineer, Durham, North Carolina

    Bob Coleman. PhD, Independent Researcher, Dallas, Texas

    Deane Collie. Executive Director, International Coalition for Medical Justice, Arlington, Virginia

    Justin Collum. Engineer, Portland, Oregon

    Tamara L. Colton. PhD, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Steele Memorial Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona

    Christopher Combs. RN, Physician Assistant, Howell, Michigan

    Jill Combs. M.S., CRNA (Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist), Howell, Michigan

    William Conklin. M.A., Denver, Colorado

    Mark Gabrish Conlan. Editor, Zenger�s Magazine, San Diego, California

    Don Conrad. PhD Student, University of Chicago. B.S. Biochemistry, Dartmouth College. M.Sc. in Epidemiology, Stanford University

    Anthony Cook. PhD, PGCE, Manchester, United Kingdom

    Colleen Cook. R.N., Wilmington, Delaware

    Patrick A. Cooke. Dept. Biology, Univ. North Texas, Denton, Texas

    Delaine Cools. Social Worker, Durban, South Africa

    Lesley Cooper. Ph.D., Medical Sociology, University of Essex, UK

    Kevin Corbett. PhD, Senior Lecturer in Primary Care, St. George�s Hospital Medical School and Kingston University, London UK

    Kevin D. Cordi. M.A., Hanford, California

    Thomas J. Cornell. Associate Professor of Biology, Mott College, Flint, Michigan

    Gervasio Coronel. M.Sc., Facultad Departamento de F�sica, Inform�tica y Matem�ticas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

    Agustino Correa. Engineer and architect, Zimapan, Mexico

    Daniel J. Corson. MFA, Seattle, Washington

    Alejandro Corvo. MD, PhD, Miami, Florida

    Curtis Cost. Black activist and author of What Is Safe Sex In The Age of AIDS?

    Dr. Enric Costa. MD, Valencia, Spain; Author, SIDA: Juicio a un virus inocente (AIDS: An innocent virus on trial)

    Neus Costabella. MD, Barcelona, Spain

    Saverio Costanzo. Film Director, Rome, Italy

    H. Cottier. Prof., MD

    Marcello Cotugno. Film Director, Roma, Italy

    Harris L. Coulter. PhD, Author, Homeopathic Physician

    Andrea Coulter. HD, RHom DHHP, Doctor of Medical Heilkunst and Homeopathy, Thorndale, Canada

    Jeanne Couture. Registered Nurse, M.S. Nurse educator, Clinical Nurse specialist, Troy, New York

    Roger Covin. M.Sc., PhD Candidate, Psychology Faculty, University of Western Ontario, Canada

    Luke Cowie. M.Sc., Medical Anthropology, PhD candidate, Science and Technology Studies Unit, University of York, UK

    J. Mark Cox. DDS, Midland, Texas

    James P. Coyne. Author, Weston, Florida

    Mark Craddock. PhD, Senior Research Associate, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

    Barrie M Craven. PhD, Reader in Public Accountability, Newcastle Business School, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    Jean-jacques Crevecoeur. Therapeutic trainer and medical lecturer, Belgium. Author, Le Langage de la gu�rison, Prenez soin de vous, n’attendez pas que les autres le fassent, Evoluer pour gu�rir and many other books about health.

    David Crowe. HBSc Biology/Mathematics. Writer on health issues for Alive magazine, RedFlagsDaily.com and others. President of the Alberta Reappraising AIDS Society. Member of the technical advisory board of AnotherLook. Co-founder, CFO and former President of the Green Party of Alberta

    Jason Cruz. Biology M.S. Student, West Chester, Pennsylvania

    Michael Culbert. D.Sc., Vice President, American Biologics/Robert W. Bradford Research Institute; Author, AIDS: Hope, Hoax and Hoopla

    Chase Culeman-beckman. Graduate Student, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

    Rebecca Veronica Culshaw. M.Sc. Mathematics, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Joseph Cummings. MA Dept. of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

    Roger Cunningham. PhD, Microbiologist, Director, Centre for Immunology, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo

    Santiago Currea. MD, Director, Departamento de Pediatr�a, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot�

    Timothy Cuthbertson. PhD, Biochemistry, University of Arizona

    Julianne Cutler. Registered Kinesiology Practitioner and Instructor, Melbourne, Australia

    Milivoje Cvetkovic. PhD, Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

    Timothy Cwiek. Writer, Philadelphia

    Robert D’Amours. Author; Creator of Rapanese the musical method of learning languages. San Francisco, California

    Ciro D�Aniello. Documentary Film Maker, Bologna, Italy

    Wilfred D’Costa. National Secretary, Indian Social Action Forum. Co-author, State and Repressive Culture - A Case Study of Gujarat. Ahmedabad, India

    Christiana Pires da Costa. Clinical Psychologist, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Don Dagenais. Attorney, Kansas City, Missouri

    Kees Dam. MD, Physician, Editor, Journal for Classical Homeopathy. Amsterdam, Netherlands

    Alicia Damiano. PhD, Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Jean-luc Damians. Managing Director, Connect Africa, Johannesburg, SA

    Pelle Danabo. M.A., Instructor, University of Kansas at Lawrence

    M.A. Daniel. Television Writer and Research Director, Gladstone, Oregon

    Frank Daniels. PhD, Professor of Mathematics, Great Basin College, Nevada

    Cynthia Daniels. M.Sc., PhD candidate, Microbiology, Chicago, Illinois

    Guy Danjoint. Wicomico County Health Department, Salisbury, Maryland

    Simon Erling Nitter Dankel. Graduate student, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway

    Simon Erling Nitter Dankel. M.Sc. student, Human Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway

    Maurice G. Dantec. Science fiction novelist, Montreal. Author of Villa Vortex and other books

    Bikul Das. MD, Research Fellow at the University of Toronto�s Hospital for Sick Children; Author, The Science Behind Squalene

    Hywel Davies. MD, Cardiologist, Pueblo West, Colorado

    Paul Davis. Electrical Engineer, Arcadia, California

    Patrick Davis. PhD, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Counseling and Educational Development, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

    M. Henri Day. MD, PhD, Senior Consultant in Psychiatry, Oslo, Norway

    Philip Day. Co-author, World Without Aids

    Maria Dayton. PhD, Harvard University, Molecular Biologist, San Diego, California

    Nelson Daza. MD, UIS-Santander University School of Medicine, Bucaramanga, Colombia

    Richard De Andrea. MD, ND, Medical Advisor, Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine

    Elieth Gomez De Avellaneda. N.D., Bucaramanga, Colombia

    Graham N. De Bever. Medical Student, Cape Town, South Africa

    Francesco De Capitani. Journalist, Rome, Italy

    Mauricio De Castro-Costa. MD, PhD, Professor of Neurology and Physiology, University Hospital and Department of Physiology, Universidad Federal do Ceara, Ceara, Brazil

    Etienne De Harven. MD, Emeritus Professor of Pathology, University of Toronto

    Marta Carpintero De Jimeno. MSc, Laboratorio Qu�mico de Monitoreo Ambiental (LAQMA). Bogot�, Colombia

    Charles De Jongh. D.Litt, lecturer in Biblical and Pastoral Studies at Baptist Theological College, Cape Town, South Africa

    Yancy De Lathouder. M.S., Chemistry, Palo Alto, California

    Richard De Lisle. DC, Chiropractor, Leominster, Massachusetts

    Chiara De Luca. PhD, Cell Aging Center of the IDI Research Institute, Rome

    Luigi De Marchi. Clinical and Social Psychologist, President of the Italian Society of Political Psychology. Co-author of Aids, la grande truffa (AIDS, the great swindle)

    Laura Helena De Sanchez. Homeopathic Doctor, Guadalajara, Mexico

    Myriam Alvarez De Sotomayor. MD, Gynaecologist, Hospital of Lanzarote, Lanzarote, Canary Islands

    Nhora Merino De Villegas. MD, Head of the Laboratory of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory of the Fundacian Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia

    Prem Deben. PhD, Herbalist and Hypnotherapist, Washington, D.C.

    Dan Debrunner. MA Physics, University of Oxford, UK. Oakland, California

    Raymond Decanio. Graduate Student, University of Cincinnati, Ohio

    Rex Decker. RN, Lakeland, Florida

    Thomas Deflo. M.A., Journalist, Brussels, Belgium

    Alfonso Del Alamo. Managing Director for Emergency Service, City Council of Madrid, Spain

    Luis Del Castillo. MD, Anesthesiologist, Calexico California

    Ray Delaforce. Engineer, Lake Jackson, Texas

    Julie Delahanty. Researcher and Programme Manager, Rural Advancement Foundation International (RAFI). Co-author, Gender and Jobs in China�s New Economy. Quebec, Canada

    Kenneth Delaughder. M.A., Instructor in Communications, Emporia State University, Kansas

    Leonel Isidro Delgado. MD, Surgeon, Mexico City

    Leopoldo Della Ciana. PhD, Chemist, President and Scientific Director, Cyanagen srl, Bologna, Italy; former Postdoctoral Fellow, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, former Senior Research Scientist at IGEN, Rockville, Maryland and Research Group Leader, SORIN Biomedica, Saluggia, Italy

    Cad Delworth. Engineer, Edinburgh, UK

    Marc Delzac. Biomedical engineer, Copenhagen, Denmark

    James DeMeo. PhD, Director, Orgone Biophysical Research Lab, Ashland, Oregon

    Alois Dengg. MD, Mayrhofen, Austria

    Ola Deraker. Journalist, S�dert�lje, Sweden

    Richard Derosa. Engineer, San Jose, California

    Marc Deru. MD, Vis�, Belgium

    Amy L. Deshane. M.A., M.S., Human Development, Bangor, Maine

    Dr. N.T. Deshmukh. Nagpur, India

    Nathaniel Devereaux. Psychiatric Technician/Case Manager, Oakland, California

    Pietro Speroni Di Fenizio. M.Sc., PhD candidate, Visiting Researcher, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton. Author, A less abstract artificial chemistry in Artificial Life VII, (Bedau, McCaskill, Packard, Rasmussen, eds.), MIT Press, 2000

    Paolo Di Virgilio. Engineer, Rome, Italy

    Amatta Sangho Diabate. Asst. Professor of Economics, Georgia State University

    Juan Mauricio Diaz Rata. Dentist, Bucaramanga, Colombia

    Gordon Dickson. J.D., Santa Monica, California

    Tom DiFerdinando. HBCS, Specialist in lymphology and body work, Executive Director of HEAL-New York

    Jennifer Dillon. DC, Charlotte, North Carolina

    Jan Dingemans. Homeopath, Waalwijk, Netherlands

    Michelle Dinh-Jones. RN, Oncology nurse, formerly with NHS, UK. Hanoi, Vietnam

    Marlowe Dittlebrandt. MD, Portland, Oregon

    Janke Dittmer. PhD, Berkeley Labs Materials Science Division, University of California, Berkeley; formerly with Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge

    Pauline Dixon. PhD, Lecturer, University of Northumbria; International Research Co-ordinator, University of Newcastle, UK

    Sheri Dixon. Journalist, Nutritional Therapist, Director, The Metabolic Typing Centre. Manchester, UK

    Andrey Dmitrevskiy . Science Journalist, Moscow, Russia. Co-author of the Russian book, Aids. Sentence Abolished

    Alan David Doane. Broadcast Journalist, Glens Falls, New York

    Tee Dobinson-Morris. Journalist, speaker; formerly Mind-Body expert for Health & Fitness Magazine. London, UK

    Tracy Dobson. J.D., Professor, Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University

    Matthew Dodman. San Francisco Department of Public Health-AIDS Office

    Hortense Dodo. PhD, Professor of Food Biotechnology, Alabama A&M University, Huntsville, Alabama

    Dirk Doering. MD, Bremen, Germany

    Hansin Dogan. M.A., Program Officer, United Nations Development Program, Turkey

    Brian Doherty. Journalist, Senior Editor, Reason Magazine

    Anthony Dolson-fazio. M.S., Acupuncturist, Herbalist, Ithaca, New York

    Warren Domask. Journalist, Houston, Texas

    Laureano A. Dom�nguez. Journalist, Matar�, Spain

    Brigitte Don. Nurse, Norden, Germany

    John R. Donald. MB ChB, Anaesthetist, Institute of Neurological Science, Glasgow, Scotland

    Michael Donio. B.Sc, Molecular Biology, MPA. Hiv-Aids researcher, Newark, New Jersey. Formerly Director of Projects, People’s Medical Society

    Kathy Donnelly. Clinical Counsellor, Victoria, BC

    Leslie Donovan. PhD Student, North Sydney, Canada

    Norluck Dorange. Journalist, Port-au-Prince, Haiti

    Meryl Dorey. President, The Australian Vaccination Network

    Thomas A. Dorman. MD, San Luis Obispo, California

    Jennifer Dorn. Journalist, Author, Denver, Colorado

    Peter Doshi. Grad. Student, Harvard University

    Peter Doube. Melbourne, Australia, Former Social Research Assistant, MacFarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research

    Hank Doughty II. J.D., New York

    Allen B. Downey. PhD, Professor of Computer Science, Colby College, Waterville, Maine

    Kathryn Downing. M.A., M.F.T., Marriage and Family Therapist, Burbank, California

    Marisa Drago. Midwife, Barcelona, Spain

    Brenda Dreyer. Doctor of Social Work, advisor to the government of South Africa

    Edwin Dreyer. CEO, Biometric Technologies, South Africa

    Moira Drosdovech. DVM, Kelowna, BC, Canada

    Ernest Drucker. PhD, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY [Says Hiv is not transmitted by penile-vaginal sex]

    Andrea G. Drusini. MD, Medical Anthropologist, University of Padova, Italy

    Doug DuBrul. Journalist, San Diego, California

    Marianne Duckerts. MD, Pediatrician, Gouvy, Belgium

    Bernard Ducret. Mathematician, CERN Laboratories. Leaz, France

    Peter Dudek. PhD candidate Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

    Tom Dudley. Biology Instructor, Angelina College, Lufkin, Texas; Author of a botany laboratory manual, a statistics textbook, and the novel Black Cottage

    Barton Dudlick. Editor, Radiologic Clinics of North America and other books, Elsevier - Saunders/Mosby Medical Publishing

    Peter Duesberg. PhD, Professor of Molecular Biology, University of California, member, National Academy of Sciences, first to map the genetic structure of retroviruses. Five-time recipient of the National Institutes of Health�s Outstanding Investigator Grant. Author, Inventing the AIDS Virus.

    Hilde Duesberg. MD, Berlin, Germany

    David Duffett. Engineer, Aculab, Buckingham, UK

    Peter Duffie. Writer, author of Subtle Miracles and many other books about magic tricks. Glasgow, UK

    Dr. Daniel H. Duffy. Sr., D.C., Geneva, Ohio. Former chiropractic doctor to the Cleveland Indians baseball team

    Chris Duffy. Instructor, North Harris Montgomery Community College, Texas

    Dr. Eric Dugan. Centerville, Virginia

    Mark Dumaine. Engineer, Clackamas, Oregon

    Marion Dumont. M.A., PhD Student, California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco

    Biodun Durojaiye. Journalist, Lagos, Nigeria

    Edward Dvorak. Journalist, Committee on US-Latin American Relations, Ithaca, New York

    Stuart W. Dwyer. MD, part time district surgeon (forensic medical officer), Grahamstown, South Africa

    Bryan Dyson. Ecological Engineer, New Orleans, Louisiana

    Kristina Dzara. Graduate Student, Sociology, University of Central Florida

    Michael East. MBA, Harvard University

    Nikolaus Eberl. PhD, Author, The Seven Secrets of IziCwe. Johannesburg, South Africa

    Jack Ebner. PhD Biophysiology, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii

    Fabien Eboussi Boulaga. Cameroonian Philosopher, author, La crise du Muntu, Christianity without fetishes: an African critique and recapture of Christianity and many other books

    Sonja Ebron. PhD, Professor of Engineering, Hampton University, Virginia

    Virgilio Ecarma. Herbalist, Director of The Ecarma Wellness Center (an Aids treatment center), Manila, Philippines

    Mark Eccles. Natural Health Care practitioner, Edinburgh, UK

    Karen Eck. M.T., ASCP, Medical Technologist, Baker City, Oregon. Co-author, The Indigo Children

    Chris Edeh. Engineer, HND, MNSE, COREN, Abuja, Nigeria

    Johannes Edelhoff. Geographer and Urban Planner, Berlin, Germany

    Ezra Edgerton. DC, Tryon, North Carolina, Chiropractic Physician

    Steve Edison. PhD, University of Arkansas, Little Rock

    Gordon J. Edlin. PhD, Professor of Biochemistry and Physics, University of Hawaii

    Nigel Edwards. MA, Journalist, England

    Madrid Efrain. Engineer, Toluca, Mexico

    Gil Egger. Editor in Chief, GHI newspaper, Geneva Switzerland

    Bert Ehgartner . Medical Journalist, Documentary Filmmaker, Asperhofen, Austria. Co-author, Das Medizinkartell. Die sieben Tods�nden der Gesundheitsindustrie (The Medicine Cartel. The Seven Deadly Sins of the Health Industry); Author, Die Lebensformel (The Life Formula)

    Lois J. Einhorn. PhD, Professor of English, Binghamton University, New York. Author, Abraham Lincoln the Orator: Penetrating the Lincoln Legend, Helen Keller, the Speaker, The Native American Oral Tradition and other books. Received the Distinguished Research Fellow and Distinguished Teaching Fellow awards of the Eastern Communications Association, the Outstanding Professor Award from the National Speaker�s Association, the Everett Lee Hunt Book Award and many other honors

    Martine Affre Eisenlohr. Geological Engineer, Marseilles, France

    Mark W. Eisner. Kinesiotherapist/ Exercise Physiologist, Norwalk, California

    Martin Eitel. PhD, Attorney, Potsdam, Germany

    Richard Ekpat. MD, Holistic Health Practitioner and Certified Specialized Kinesiologist, Pasadena, California

    Karim El Bakkouri. PhD, Molecular Biologist, Universit� Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie humaine et mol�culaire (IRIBHM), Brussels, Belgium

    Jos Elkink. PhD, Political Science, Trinity College, Dublin; Leiden, Netherlands

    Bryan J. Ellison. Author, Molecular Biology grad student, Berkeley, California

    Michael Ellner. PhD, medical hypnotherapist and educator, President, HEAL, New York. Named Educator of the Year by the National Guild of Hypnotists (1995) and the National Federation of NeuroLinguistic Psychologists (1997)

    Tarek Elsherif. PhD, Molecular Biologist, Technische Universit�t M�nchen, Munich, Germany

    Alfredo Embid. Acupuncturist, Coordinator of the Spanish Association of Complementary Medicines and Editor of their Holistic Medicine magazine, Madrid

    Ron Endley. M.Sc., M.Phil, Oxford University. Instructor, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand. Chairman, South African-Thai Chamber of Commerce

    Dr. Edwin Engel. Austrian Academy of Sciences. Salzburg

    Edwin Engel. M.Sc., Freilassing, Germany

    Torsten Engelbrecht. Hamburg-based Journalist for The Ecologist and other magazines and newspapers; former financial editor, Financial Times, Germany.

    Mohammad Entezampour. PhD, Dept. Biology Univ. North Texas, Denton, Texas

    David Epstein. D.O., Osteopathic Physician, Atlanta, Georgia

    Lori Errico-seaman. PhD Student, Grad. Student Instructor, University of Michigan

    Rafael Escribano. PhD, Dept. Spanish & Portuguese, University of California. Riverside, Texas

    Antonio Garcia-Monsalve Escri�a. Attorney, Public Prosecutor, Madrid, Spain

    N�ria Escud�. M.Psc., MTR, Psychotherapist, Barcelona, Spain

    Noemi Escuder. Holistic Therapist, Kinesiologist, Barcelona, Spain

    Rafael Espericueta. Professor, former Chair, Dept. of Mathematics, Bakersfield College, Bakersfield, California, Instructor, University of Phoenix, formerly senior programmer in the Brain Imaging Lab at the University of California, Irvine Medical School

    Javier Espinosa. Engineer, Windhoek, Namibia

    Gladys Espinosa. M.Sc., Epidemiologist, Bogota Department of Health, Colombia

    Luis Espinoza. Traditional Bolivian healer, Director, Janajpacha Spiritual Center, Author, Chamalu. The Shamanic Way of the Heart. Traditional Teachings from the Andes

    Robert Essertier. Former Mayor, City of Hermosa Beach, California

    Rudy Estrada. JD, Attorney, Chicago, Illinois

    Daniel Ettedgui. D.O., Osteopathic physician, Board Certified Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Boca Raton, Florida

    Valerio Evangelisti. Novelist, essayist, Bologna, Italy. Author of the Science Fiction novels Nicolas Eymerich, inquisitore, Cherudek, Picatrix, la scala per l�inferno, Magus - Il romanzo di Nostradamus and others. Awarded the Urania, Prix Italia, French Grand Prix de l�Imaginaire, Prix Tour Eiffel and Prix Europe prizes for literature

    Bruce D Evans. PhD, Assoc. Prof. Biology, Huntington College, Indiana

    Lance Evoy. Director, Institute in Management and Community Development, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada

    Chidi Ezeihu. MD, Atlanta, Georgia

    Paul N. Ezeji. PhD., Asst. Professor, Dept of Health Science Education, Morris College, Sumter, South Carolina

    Trish Fahey. Health and science writer, co-author, The Metabolic Typing Diet

    Lawrence A. Falk. Jr., PhD, Virologist, Abbott Labs, Consultant NCI, Chicago, Illinois

    Lynn Fall (n�e Gannett). Former Data Manager, phase III clinical trials of AZT (1987-1990)

    Monique Fanfan. Journalist, Queens Village, New York

    Heather Faraone. Candidate, MS Public Health, New York, NY

    Celia Farber. Journalist, New York

    Barry Farber. Journalist, Talk Show Host, New York. Author of the bestseller, How to Not Make the Same Mistake Once and other books

    Misti Farler. Director of adult education, Sexual Assault Counseling and Information Service, Illinois

    Tish Farrell. Author, Rochester, UK

    Heather Farris. Attorney, Irving, Texas

    Sami E. Fathalla. MD, PhD, Damman, Saudi Arabia

    James Feast. PhD, New York University, former Assistant Editor of the Journal of the History of Philosophy

    Jeffrey Fedorko. DC, Canton, Ohio

    Brendan Feeley. M.A., N.D., Naturopathic, Homeopathic physician, Washington, DC

    Martin Feldman. MD, Assistant Clinical Professor of Neurology at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, graduate of Columbia University�s College of Physicians and Surgeons, author of more than 50 articles published in peer-reviewed medical journals

    Luis Antonio Feliciano-Hern�ndez. MD, Psychiatrist, San Juan, Puerto Rico

    David Fellows. Surgical Physician�s Assistant, Copley, Ohio

    Dan Fendel. B.A. (summa cum laude) Harvard University, PhD, Yale; Professor of Mathematics, San Francisco State University; Primary author, Foundations of Higher Mathematics: Exploration and Proof.

    Di Feng. Doctoral student, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey

    Mar Fern�ndez-Nieto. MD, Granada, Spain

    Domenico Ferrari. Playwright and author, Milano, Italy. Co-author of the play and book, Virus: L’invenzione della Realt�

    Phillip Ferreira. PhD, Dept. of Philosophy, Kutztown University, Pennsylvania

    Scott Ferrell. Key West, Florida, M.S., Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester

    Eduardo Ferreyra. Cordoba, Argentina, President, Fundacion Argentina de Ecologia Cientifica (Argentine Foundation for a Scientific Ecology)

    Michael Ferrier. M.A., Denver, Colorado

    Gary Ferrini. Professor of Sociology, University of Colorado at Boulder

    Dr. Elena Ferro. Water and Atmospheric Resources official, Government of Turin province, Italy

    Ntlanganiso Fesi. Attorney, Engineer, Member of Standing Advisory Committee of Intellectual Property for Minister of Trade and Industry, Govt. of South Africa

    Jamie Fettig. Chiropractic Physician, ACA, ICA, Chicago

    Kenneth Feucht. MD., PhD, Surgeon, Anatomist, Cell Biologist, Puyallup, Washington

    Donna Fezler. Inventor, Microbiologist, Jacksonville, Illinois. Holds patent for Rhea extract and discovered the ATP Pathway

    Christian Fiala. MD, Gynaecologist, General Public Hospital, Korneuburg, Austria

    Christopher J. Fields. PhD Student, Biology, Univ. North Texas, Denton

    James A. Fimea. PhD, Laguna Beach, California; Adjunct Faculty, Orange Coast College, Costa Mesa, California

    Jennifer Finocchio. Documentary Film Maker, Journalist, Los Angeles, California

    Sandra Finucane. Attorney, Cincinnati, Ohio

    Jaime Fiol. Dental Surgeon and Professor of Biology and Dentistry, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Independent investigator of Cancer and Aids. Author, Teor�a Inflamatoria del C�ncer

    Vincenzo Fiorentini. PhD, Assoc. Professor of Physics, University of Cagliari, Italy; Director, Sardinian Laboratory for Computational Materials Science; Awarded Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship (1998)

    Monika Fischer. Pediatric Nurse and Homeopath, Mendrisio, Switzerland

    Jonathan M. Fishbein. MD. Former Director, Office for Clinical Research Policy at the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) [Thinks Nevirapine is a very dangerous medicine that was approved based on improperly conducted studies. Also doubts that the Hiv tests are valid]

    Jeffrey A. Fisher. MD, Pathologist, Mendham, New Jersey, author, The Plague Makers

    Richard A. Fisher. DDS, Naturopath, Annandale, Virginia. Former Clinical Instructor, Georgetown University School of Dentistry, former President, International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology

    Daniel Fitzgerald. Biochemist, University of Liverpool, England

    Eirik Fjeldal. Graduate Student, Kristiansand, Norway

    Scott D. Flamm. MD, San Francisco, California

    Anthony Fleg. Medical Student, University of North Carolina

    Luis Daniel Flores. MD, Posadas, Argentina

    Juan Jose Flores. MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine, La Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico

    Beatriz Flores. MFA, Asst. Professor, University of North Texas and Documentary Film Maker

    Jean-marcel Fokam. Graduate Student, Mathematics, University of Texas

    Boniface Fokwa. M.Sc., Chemistry, Technische Universit�t Dresden, Germany

    John Foley. MD, New York City

    Bernard Forscher. PhD, former Editor of the US Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

    Melanie Forse. Acupuncturist, Hong Kong

    John R. Forsyth. MD, Janesville, Wisconsin

    Bruno Fortin. Journalist, Montreal, Canada

    Harold D. Foster. PhD, University of Victoria, British Columbia, author, What Really Causes Aids

    Michael Foster. DBM, Doctor of Botanic Medicine, Ayurvedic Nutritional Counselor, Medical Hypnotherapist, Lancaster, Pennsylvania

    John A. Fowler. M.A., San Diego, California

    Elliot Fox. journalist, founder of Association to Re-evaluate AIDS

    Michael R. Fox. PhD, Richland, Washington

    Dr. Robert Fox. LaConner, Washington

    Fabio Franchi. MD, Specialist in Preventive Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Trieste, Italy

    Gene Franks. PhD, Denton, Texas, Editor, Pure Water Gazette

    AJL Fraser. Meterologist, South Island, New Zealand

    Elisa Freccero. M.S., Science Writer, Antibes, France

    Iris Freelander. DD, Long Beach, California

    Claudio Alatorre Frenk. PhD, Researcher, Institute of Engineering, Universidad Nacional Aut�noma de M�xico

    David Freund. Journalist, Takoma Park, Maryland

    Dr. Martin Friedemann. Rheinau, Switzerland

    Eleonor Fritsman. Psychologist, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Author, Hacia Una Nueva Humanidad

    T.C. Fry. D.Sc., author, The Great AIDS Hoax and The Nature and Purpose of Disease

    Donato Fumarola. MD, Inst. Microbiolia Medica, Bari, Italy

    Michael Fumento. Author, The Myth of Heterosexual AIDS

    Robert Jordan Funk. Attorney, Alturas, California

    Pierluigi Furcolo. Assoc. Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy

    Claudette Furlonge. Co-author, Ethiopian Revolution and the Struggle against US Imperialism

    Dr. George L. Gabor Miklos. PhD, Chief Scientific Officer, Human Genetic Signatures, Sydney, Australia; Director, Secure Genetics, Sydney; Consultant in Functional Genomics to Novartis Pharmaceuticals and to the CELERA Human, Mouse and Drosophila Genome Projects. Formerly with University of California, University of Washington, University of Edinburgh, the Neurosciences Institute, The SCRIPPS Research Institute and the Australian National University.

    Luciano Gaddoni. Biotechnology Technician, Genova, Italy

    Iginio Gagliardone. Sociologist, University of Bologna, Italy

    Joseph Gaglio. B.A., Columbia University, Instructor, Madison Area Technical College, Wisconsin

    William D. Gairdner. PhD, author, The Trouble with Democracy and other books

    �ngel Galeano. Journalist, Author of several books, Editor of the newspaper El Peque�o Peri�dico and Director of the NGO Fundaci�n Arte y Ciencia, Colombia

    Peter Gallo. MSME/Former Operations Engineer, Stanford DNA Sequencing Center, Los Angeles, California

    Irene Galtung. Researcher, University of Padua, Italy, UN World Food Program

    Eileen Gambrill. PhD, Hutto Patterson Professor of Social Welfare at the University of California at Berkeley. Author, Critical Thinking in Clinical Practice; Social Work Practice: A Critical Thinker�s Guide (Oxford University Press); Controversial Issues in Child Welfare (with T.J. Stein); and other books

    Ana Ganho. PhD, Director, Portuguese program, affiliated faculty in Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia

    Thomas R. Garbe. PhD, Senior Researcher, Microbiology Research Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kyoto, Japan

    Manuel Garcia Iglesias. PhD, Professor, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    William L. Gardner. PhD, Wellesley, Massachusetts

    Manolo Garrido. MD, Spain

    Don Garrow. MD Internal Medicine, New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, North Carolina

    Eric Gaumont. PhD in Optics, Louis Pasteur University of Strasbourg, France

    John L. Gedye. MD, formerly Lecturer in Psychopathology, and Director of Unit for Research on Medical Applications of Psychology, University of Cambridge, England; Fellow and Senior Lecturer and Director of Man-Machine Systems Laboratory, University of Essex, England; Associate Professor of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Professor of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Director, Fibromyalgia Research Foundation

    Francesco M. Genovesi. Attorney, Milan, Italy

    Michael L. Gerber. MD, JD, Cardiac Surgeon, Attorney, La Jolla, California

    Susan Gerhard. Editor, San Francisco Bay Guardian

    Giuseppe Germano. PhD, Professor of Literature, Federico University II, Naples, Italy

    Roberto Germano. PhD, Physicist, Federico University II, Naples, Italy

    Jose Germosen. Journalist, The Village Voice, New York

    John Gerrard. MFA, SAIC, Chicago, Illinois

    Charles L. Geshekter. PhD, three-time Fulbright scholar. Professor of African History, California State University, Chico. Former chair of the History of Science, Pacific Division, of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

    Todd Gestaldo. D.C., Sunnyvale, California

    Toby Gettins. Theoretical Physicist, Birmingham, UK. Former researcher, High Temperature Superconductivity, University of Exeter

    Filippo Geuna. PhD, Faculty of Agrarian Genetics, University of Milan, Italy

    Tatevik Gevorgyan. Journalist, Yerevan, Armenia

    Geeta Gharge. MD, Satara, India

    Vikas Gharge. MD, Pathologist, Satara, India

    Laura Ghiro. MD, Pediatrician, Italy

    Saswata Ghosh. M.Phil., M.Sc., PhD candidate and Research Scholar, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Letizia Gianformaggio. Professor of Philosophy of Law, University of Ferrara, Italy

    Sky Gilbert. PhD candidate, Instructor, Univ. of Toronto, Playwright, Columnist, Novelist

    Walter Gilbert. PhD, Professor of Molecular Biology, Harvard University. Winner, 1980 Nobel Prize for Chemistry

    Volker Gildemeister. PhD, Biochemist, England

    Peter A. Gilligan. M.Sc., Occupational Psychologist, Belfast, Northern Ireland

    Jeffrey Gilson. PhD, New York University, New York

    Roberto Giraldo. MD, specialist in internal medicine, infectious and tropical diseases, New York. Former Chairman of the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. Author, Aids and Stressors

    Marcel Girodian. Environmental and science writer, California

    W�piw� Giscard. Dipl-Engineer, Berlin, Germany

    David Gisselquist. PhD, Hershey, Pennsylvania [Says Hiv is not transmitted by penile-vaginal sex]

    Kuria Githiora. PhD candidate, Instructor, Michigan State University

    Cecilia Giusti. PhD, Researcher, University of Modena, Italy

    Sara Glatt. Registered Holistic Healer, Breukelen, Netherlands

    Dr. Wilhelm Godschalk. PhD, Biochemist, The Hague, Netherlands. Formerly Asst. Prof., University of Virginia Medical School, Assoc. Prof., University of Puerto Rico Medical School, Senior Scientist at the Center for Energy and Environmental Research. Did research with Dr. Jesse Beams, one of the lead scientists on The Manhattan Project

    Marek Gogolewski. PhD, Chair, Dept. of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Agricultural University of Poznan, Poland

    Celso Goldaracena. PhD, Professor, Author, La Coru�a, Spain

    Jane Goldberg. PhD. Instructor in Psychology, City University of New York, New School for Social Research Graduate Faculty, Research Associate, Department of Medical Oncology, Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, Consultant to Help a Mother, Save a Child, Managing Editor: Modern Psychoanalysis

    Burton Goldberg. Publisher, Alternative Medicine Magazine

    Melvyn Goldberg. MD, Professor of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine. Chief, Thoracic Surgical Oncology and Vice Chairman, Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Co-author, Controversies in Lung Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Approach.

    Deborah Goldsmith. D.C., D.O.M., La Habra, California

    Edward S. Golub. PhD, Pacific Center for Ethics & App. Biol., Solana Beach, California

    Elliet Gomez. ND, Colombia

    M. Javier Cruz Gomez. PhD, Professor of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico

    Tomi Gomory. Assistant Professor of Social Work. Florida State University, Tallahassee

    Oscar Gonzalez. Electronics Engineer, The Hague, Netherlands

    Deborah Gonzalez. M.Sc., Castro Valley, California

    Ignacio Gonzalez-Gomez. MD, Asst. Professor of Clinical Pathology, University of Southern California Medical School; Pathologist, Children�s Hospital of Los Angeles

    Andrew Goodpaster. PhD, Princeton, New Jersey

    Luis Gordillo. PhD, Postdoctoral Research Associate in Mathematics and Statistics, Arizona State University

    Kathleen Goss. Writer, 14 book credits and dozens of articles in the medical field; co-author of Maximum Immunity

    Rahul Goswami. Journalist, Bombay, India

    Arthur Gottlieb. MD, Chairperson of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine

    Dmitri Gouskov. MS in Biochemistry; PhD Sociology, Kiev, Ukraine

    Matthew Grace. author, A Way Out: Disease Deception and the Truth About Health

    Paul Grace. L.Ac., Acupuncturist, Mill Valley, California

    Angel Gracia. PhD, Nutritionist, Author, Miami, Florida; Vice-president, USAS, Union por Soluciones Alternativas para el SIDA (Organization for Alternative Solutions for AIDS)

    Ernst Gradl. Architect, Nurenberg, Germany

    R.L. Graf. Psychologist, San Jose, California

    Daniel Gramme. Dipl�m�-Herboriste-Naturopathe, author, Un gramme de bon sens au service de votre sant�. Seraing, Belgium

    Andrew D. Grant. Engineer, Stamford, Connecticut

    Teresa Green. PhD, Interim Department Head, Dept. of Afro-American Studies, Eastern Michigan University

    Paul Greenhalgh. Polymer Chemist, Bangkok, Thailand

    Aiden Gregg. M.Sc, M.Phil, Social Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

    Gudrun Greunke. Journalist (Reuters, Spiegel, Stern, ITV); Author, El montaje del S�ndrome T�xico and other books on scientific and medical controversies

    Beverly E. Griffin. PhD, Director, Department of Virology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London

    Lars Grip. MD, Obstetrician, Zwolle, Netherlands

    Hans Groenendijk. MD, homeopath, Cercal, Portugal

    William I. Grosky. PhD, Chairman, Computer Science Department, Wayne State University

    Kenneth Gross. MD, Miami, Florida

    Dorothee Gruss. Heilpraktikerin, Bochum, Germany

    Dr. Jos� Guadalupe Hern�ndez. Mexico City

    Bob Guccione Jr. Editor and publisher, Gear Magazine

    Eric Guerci. Physicist, PhD student, Dept. of Engineering Biophysics and Electronics, University of Genoa, Italy

    Daniel Guerra. PhD, Professor of Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

    Christian Guerra. Engineer, Cali, Colombia

    Lori Guess. J.D., Government Contracts Attorney, Baltimore, Maryland

    Pandraud Guillaume. PhD student, France

    Thomas Guillot. Grad. Student, Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta

    Briony Gulbrandsen. Director and Founder, Trinity Natural Health Clinic, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Ken Gullan. Director, Institute for Research Integration, San Diego, California

    Wayne A. Gurba. Chemistry Lecturer, St. Petersburg, Florida

    Ramirez Gutierrez. Attorney, Oaxaca, Mexico

    Gil Gutknecht. Minnesota Congressman, US House of Representatives

    Brian Gygi. PhD, Asst. Instructor, Psychology (Statistics), Indiana University. NIH pre-doctoral fellow, 1999-2001

    Martin Haas. PhD, Dept. Biology Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego

    Martin Hagemeier. Dipl.-Kommunikationswirt, Berlin, Germany

    Jo Hagstorm. Writer, Carlsbad, California

    Liu Haifang. PhD, Assistant Professor of African Studies, Institute of West Asian and African Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Science, Beijing, China

    Adiam Haile-melekot. Pharmacologist, London, UK

    Urs Haldimann. Editor, Swiss Association of Science Writers, Arisdorf, Switzerland

    Luke M. Hale. NZCE Engineer, Hamilton, New Zealand

    Ayman Abdul Haleem. MD, Cardiologist, Cairo, Egypt

    Dan Hall. MPA, Columbus, Georgia. Author, You Can�t Catch a Cold: A Complete Course on Disease-free Living

    Dr. Jerome Hall. Stavanger, Norway

    Thomas Halle. D.C., M.A., Los Angeles, California

    William Halliburton. Computer Scientist, Atlanta, Georgia

    Founaboui Haman. Civil engineer, Hannover, Germany

    Ryke Geerd Hamer. MD, Former Chief of Internal Medicine at gynecological cancer clinic, University of Munich

    Greg Hampton. PhD, Washington, DC

    Timothy H. Hand. PhD, Professor of Behavioral Pharmacology, Oglethorpe University

    Elizna Hanekom. MD, Dorking, UK

    Klaus Hanke. Dipl.-Ing., Engineer, Falkensee, Germany

    Nadolyn Hankins. Attorney, Madison, Wisconsin

    Michael Hanko. CTAT, B.A., Princeton University, Holistic Health Practitioner, New York City

    David Hanson. M.S., MPHA, Pharmacist, San Juan Capistrano

    John Hardie. BDS, Dept. Dentistry Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada

    John Hardie. DDS, Dental Surgeon, Nepean, Canada

    David Harding. Associate Professor, Dept. of English, Aarhus University, Denmark

    Rini Hariani. M.Sc., Bogor, Indonesia

    Michael Harkovitch. Grad. Student, University of Washington

    Leif Harmsen. M.A., Toronto, Canada

    Anne-Marie Harnum. Psychologist, President, Danish Society of Hypnosis. Copenhagen

    Alfonso Javier Haro Salvatierra. MD, Internal Medicine. President and Founder of the Peruvian Complementary Medicine Society. Lima, Peru

    Norris Archer Harrington. Author, Santa Paula, California

    James R. Harris. CSW, Brooklyn, New York

    Robert S. Harris. Naturopathic doctor, New York

    Stanley Harris. O.D., Optometrist, Pembroke Pines, Florida

    Randall E. Harris. MD, PhD, Professor, College of Medicine and Public Health, Former Chair, Dept. of Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University. Author, COX-2 Blockade in Cancer Prevention and Therapy

    Rosalind Harrison. MBBS, FRCOphth, DTM&H, Ophthalmologist, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Consultant ophthalmic surgeon for the National Health Service, UK

    William Harrison. PhD, Marriage & Family Therapist, Palm Springs, California

    Benjamin Hart. Lab Technician, Cincinnati, Ohio

    Werner Hartinger. MD, Surgeon, Director, Vereinigung �rzte Gegen Tierversuche, Frankfurt, Germany

    Pramodchandra Harvey. M.Sc., Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Graz, Austria

    Tim Harwood. M.A., York, United Kingdom

    Alfred Hassig. MD, Professor in Immunology, University of Bern, former Director, Swiss Red Cross blood banks

    Daniel R. Hatch. J.D., MBA, Newport Beach, California

    Nuhu Hatibu. PhD, Assoc. Professor of Agricultural Engineering, Sokoine University, Morogoro, Tanzania

    Jon Haupt. M.LIS, M.Mus, Seattle, Washington

    Sandra Hawkes. M.Ed, Publisher, Intaglio Resources, Calgary, AB Canada

    Chad Hayes. Pharmacist, Gurnee, Illinois

    Jill Haynes. Lecturer, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

    Alan Heaton. Health Counsellor, Dipl. Clinical Nutrition, Langen, Germany

    Troy Hebert. Geophysicist, Perth, Australia

    Dr. Martin Hecher. Vienna, Austria

    Bruce Hedland-Thomas. MSc, Biophysicist, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth

    Anja Heij. Homoeopath, Naturopath, Amsterdam, Netherlands

    Antti Heikkil�. MD, Orthopaedic Surgeon, Porvoo, Finland

    John Heilbron. PhD, Professor of History and History of Science and former Vice Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley

    Jane Heimlich. Health columnist, Cincinatti Enquirer, Best-selling author of What Your Doctor Won’t Tell You

    Michelle Hemingway. MD, Lenox, Massachusetts

    Raymond Henderson. Research Associate, Division of Oncology, University of Miami

    Robert J. Henderson. D.C., Locust Valley, New York

    Michel Henrard. MD, Belgium

    John P. Heptonstall. MD, D.Ac., Director, Morley Acupuncture Clinic and Complementary Therapy Centre, Leeds, UK

    Vicente Herrera Adell. MD, Barcelona, Spain

    Tom Herrmann. PhD, Assoc. Professor of Physics, Eastern Oregon University

    Andrew Herxheimer. MD, Emeritus Professor of Pharmacology, UK Cochrane Centre, Oxford; edited Drug & Therapeutics Bulletin in the UK for 30 years

    Marion Herz. M.A., Film scientist, University of Munich

    Ben Heumez. M.Phil., Diplome Universitaire Technologique, Teaching Asst., Faculty of Engineering, University of the West Indies, Trinidad

    Monika Heydegger. Heilpraktikerin, Langen, Germany

    Dieter Heymann. Heilpraktikerin, Neum�nster, Germany

    Gavin Hibbs. Studies Supervisor, MPI-Bell Centre, Macao

    Yang-chu Higgins. Medical Anthropologist, Washington, DC. Winner of the Fogarty Award for Biomedical Research from the National Institutes of Health (1995)

    Sean Higgs. Film Director, TV writer, Cape Town, South Africa

    Charles A. Hill. MD, Houston, Texas

    Ted Hill. PhD, Clinical Psychologist, Sandpoint, Idaho

    E. Wayne Hill. PhD, Assoc. Professor, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University

    Christian Hilscher. Diplom-Psychologe, Hamburg, Germany

    James P. Hilton. PhD, author, Burden of Proof: Surviving Cancer, AIDS and Most Other Illnesses

    Jeffrey Hilton. D.O., Miami Shores, Florida. Optometrist and provider of eyecare to a large HIV+ population

    Pamela Hines-Powell. Midwife, Salem, Oregon

    Sonia Hirsch. Journalist, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Author of 14 books on medicine and health, including A dieta do Dr. Barcellos contra o c�ncer and O m�nimo para v. se sentir o m�ximo

    Mae-Wan Ho. PhD, Geneticist and Biophysicist, Open University, London, UK. Director, Institute of Science in Society; Author and activist. Awarded the Chan Kai Ming Prize for Biological Sciences (HK) 1964; Fellow of the National Genetics Foundation (USA) 1971-1974; Vida Sana Award (Spain) 1998 [Says immune deficiency syndromes can be caused by drugs and anti-Hiv medicines]

    Liam Hodder. PhD, Novelist, Journalist, Corcaigh, Ireland

    Neville Hodgkinson. former Science Editor, The Times of London; author, AIDS: The Failure of Contemporary Science

    Rob Hodson. MD, Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine

    Charles Hoff. PhD, University of South Alabama

    J. Rockwell Hoff. Curator, Granite Ridge Science Museum, Globe, Arizona

    Robert Hoffman. PhD, Prof., Dept. Pediatrics, Univ. Calif. Med. School, San Diego, California

    Kent T. Hoffman. PhD, Psychotherapist, Spokane, Washington

    Rita Hoffman. President, Anaphylaxis Action, Stirling, Canada

    Geoffrey Hoffmann. PhD, Assoc. Professor of Microbiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada [Thinks Aids is an auto-immune disease]

    Heiko Hoffmann. Dipl.-Inf., Technische Universit�t Dresden, Germany

    James P. Hogan. Author of 26 science fiction novels and the science books Kicking the Sacred Cow: Questioning the Unquestionable and Thinking the Impermissible and Mind Matters: Exploring the World of Artificial Intelligence

    Robbie Holden. Director, Sisters’ Health Initiative, Newark, New Jersey

    Yvon Holdrinet. Conference interpreter, NATO. Brussels, Belgium

    Cordt Holland. Film Director, San Francisco

    Elaine Hollingsworth. Director, Hippocrates Health Centre of Australia, author, Take Control of Your Health and Escape the Sickness Industry

    Alisa Holloway. Nurse, Tifton, Georgia

    Olen Holm. M.A., San Francisco, California

    John Holmdahl. PhD, Los Angeles, California

    Claudia Holub. PhD, Biochemist, Live Sciences Inst., New York, co-author, Aids: Myths, Truths, Solutions , 1988

    William R. Holub. PhD, Biochemist, Live Sciences Inst., New York, co-author, Aids: Myths, Truths, Solutions , 1988

    Guido H�ner. Diplom Biology, Germany

    MaryStarr B. Hope. Injury rehab/biomechanical re-education therapist, Santa Monica, California

    Dr. Andreas Hoppe. PhD, Department of Protein Structure Theory, Institute for Biochemistry, Charit� Berlin, Medical Faculty, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany

    Dr. Piombo Horacio. Judge, Court of Appeals in La Plata, Argentina

    Ross Horne. Queensland, Austalia, Author , The Health Revolution , Health and Survival in the 21st Century , and Cancerproof Your Body (HarperCollins Australia, 1998)

    David Hosbein. MD, Board Certified General Surgeon, Grass Valley, California

    Lisa M. Hosbein. MD

    Jim Hougan. Investigative Journalist. Author, Secret Agenda: Watergate, Deep Throat, and the CIA, Spooks - The Haunting of America and other books

    Kevin Hronek. RN, BSN, President-elect, NE Wisconsin Chapter, American Association of Critical Care Nurses, Green Bay, Wisconsin

    Annette Huang. MA (Hons), DipNZLS, DipMgt, TCAE, Auckland, New Zealand

    Alice Hudder. PhD, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine

    James Hudson. PhD, Professor of Pathology and Medicine, University of British Columbia

    Jonathan L. Hume. DDS, Chicago, Illinois

    Starling Hunter. PhD, Asst. Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Dr. Daniel Hurne. Bellingham, Washington

    Rocco Iannacchino. PhD, Sea Cliff, New York

    Benahili Iboaya. MD, Kansas City, Missouri

    Randy Ice. P.T., C.C.S., Physical Therapist, Clinical Director, HeartWise Longevity Center, Whittier, California; Author of over 50 articles published in medical and peer reviewed journals

    Marianne Idle. Registered Midwife, IBCLC, ACMI, Cairns, Australia

    Dr. Osamwonyi Igori. National President of Edo National Association, Perugia, Italy

    Nenad Ilic. Grad. Student, Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

    Larens Imanyuel. Assistant Physics Professor, Berkeley

    Alexandre Imbert. Paris, France, Editor, Pratiques de Sante (natural health magazine), Paris, France

    Richard Imelek. Dipl.-Ing, Engineer, Gro�-Umstadt, Germany

    Christopher Imrie. PhD, Senior Lecturer in Organic Chemistry, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa

    Sagar Inamdar. MD, Mumbai, India

    Philip Incao. MD, Steiner Holistic Medical, Denver, Colorado

    Mira Ingram. Writer, Documentary Film Maker, Fountain Valley, California

    Ferran Iniesta. PhD, Professor of African History, University of Barcelona, Spain

    Tony Andr�s Innocenti. MD, Obstetrician and Gynecologist, Firenze, Italy; President, AIED di Firenze (sex education and public health organization)

    Prof. Ferdinando Ippolito. Co-author, AIDS - New Frontier

    Hwaa Irfan. Managing Editor and Health and Science Writer, Islam Online. Antigua

    Alfred Irsigler. Heilpraktiker, Salzburg, Austria

    Matthew Irwin. MD, Washington, DC

    Hani Ismail. MD, obstetrician and gynecologist, Elmhurst, New York

    Eric Ivanov. Dipl�me d�ing�nieur, Engineer, Grenoble, France

    Elia Izaguirre. MD, Lima, Peru

    Ida Therese Jablanovec. RN Executive Director of the Raynaud�s Foundation, Chicago, Illinois

    Carl-heinz Jacob. Chancellor, Universit�t Greifswald (ret.), Germany. Formerly Chancellor, Universit�t Eichstaett

    Varusha Jagnath. MSc, Durban, South Africa

    Rich Jamison. PhD, Cliffside Park, New Jersey

    Yolanda Jamison. D.Pharm, Medical University of South Carolina

    Helen Jandamit. Editor, Bangkok Post Student Weekly; Special Lecturer, Mahachulalongkorn Buddhist University; Co-founder, International Buddhist Meditation Centre. Author of three books on Buddhism. Bangkok, Thailand

    Richard Jannaccio. M.A., former biochemist, former science writer at University of Wisconsin, Flushing, New York

    Lou Jansen. PhD, El Segundo, California

    Jean Pierre Jansen. MD, Groningen, Netherlands

    Mark E. Jarmel. D.C., Santa Monica, California

    Marie Jaszenovits. Hom�opathe, Montreal, Canada

    Sana Jatta. Country Program Manager, Asia and Pacific Div., International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Rome, Italy

    Thiruveedhula Ravindranath Jayachandar. Secretary, Yanadi Education Society. Guntur, India

    Anne Marie Jeay. PhD, Univ. Nancy II, France

    Derrick Jensen. B.Sc., Mineral Engineering Physics, M.F.A., California; Author, The Culture of Make Believe, A Language Older than Words and Listening to the Land; Assoc. Editor, Transitions; Writes for The New York Times Magazine, Audubon, and other magazines

    Ruth Jensen. MD, Author of Umweltschaden AIDS? Hintergr�nde einer biologischen Katastrophe. Freiburg, Germany

    Stephen Jenuth. Attorney, Calgary, Canada

    Jens Jerndal. MD, D.Sc., Doctor of Holistic Medicine, Spain, former Professor of the Philosophy and Principles of Holistic Medicine at the Open International University for Complementary Medicines in Sri Lanka

    Sungchul Ji. PhD, Prof. Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, New Jersey

    Fran�oise Jo�t. Pr�sidente, d’ALIS (Association Libert� Information Sant�). Author, T�tanos: le mirage de la vaccination; co-author, H�patites: les vaccins catastrophe. Riom, France

    Christine Johnson. Science Journalist, Los Angeles

    Donald J. Johnson. DDS, Coeur d�Alene, Idaho

    Dr. Jennifer Johnson. Psychologist, East Orange, New Jersey

    Phillip Johnson. Senior Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley

    Dave Johnson. Journalist, Moncton, Canada

    Buddy Johnson. American Red Cross Hiv/Aids Educator, New Iberia, Louisiana

    Eric Johnston. M.A., Fresno, California

    Tuomas Jokela. Research Engineer, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland

    Steven Jonas. MD, Professor of Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook

    Colman Jones. Journalist, Toronto, awarded 1999 Science in Society Journalism Award by the Canadian Science Writers Association

    Craig M. Jones. Doctor of Chiropractic, Acupuncturist, Nutritionist, Grand Junction, Colorado

    David Jones. MSPH, Licensed Acupuncturist, California

    Shadonna Jones. RN, St. Louis, Missouri

    Lorato Jongman. Asst. Director of Public Service Management, Govt. of Botswana

    Nina Jonsson. PhD Student, Lonsboda, Sweden

    Terry Jordan. MSW, University of New England, S. Portland

    William H. Jordan Jr.. PhD, Culver City, California

    Ben Jorgensen. Holistic health care provider, Henniker, New Hampshire

    Francis Joseph. Postgrad. Psychology, Alleppey, India

    Clare Joslin. EA, MH, DIHom, LAc. Homeopathic Physician, Master of Oriental Medicine, Lic. Acupuncturist, Master Herbalist, Keaau, Hawaii

    Christian Joswig. Journalist, Friedersdorf, Germany

    Felor Jourdikian. Ms., PhD, Retired Biochemist, Homeopathic Practitioner, Windsor, Ontario

    Mark Julian. DDS, Stamford, Connecticut

    Hillary Jupp. Journalist, Animal Nutritionist, Uckfield, UK

    Kulikoyela Kahigi. PhD, Associate Professor, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    Dr. Suresh Kalatoor. St. Paul, Minnesota

    Ashok Kale. MD, Pune, Maharashtra, India

    Faldie Kamalie. Health Care Manager, Pro Sano Medical Program. Bellville, South Africa

    Hawa Kamara. M.Sc., Brooklyn, New York

    Nassim Kamdar. MD, Durban, South Africa

    Joseph Kamenju. Lecturer, Dept. of Architecture, University of Nairobi, Kenya

    Paulin Kamga. M.A., Berlin, Germany

    Wanjiru Kamuyu. MFA, New York

    Molly Kane. Executive Director, Inter Pares Social Justice NGO; Co-chair of the Africa Canada Forum. Ottawa, Canada

    Peter Kanyandago. PhD, Professor, Anthropologist, Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Academic Affairs, Uganda Martyrs University, Nkozi, Uganda

    Jeff Kaplan. RN, Fort Myers, Florida

    Sandra Kaplan. MSW, CSW, Professor, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York. Author, EMDR Therapeutic Interweave Treatment Manual

    Louis Kaptue. MD, Brussels, Belgium

    Ioannis Karaliotas. MA, PGDipODE, Educational Technology consultant and Project director, Office of the Counselor for Hellenic Education in Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Eva Karlsen. Journalist, Oslo, Norway

    Werner Karrer. MD, N�rnberg, Germany

    Jean-pierre Kassi. PhD, Biomedical Engineering, Technischen Universit�t Berlin, Germany

    Peter S. Kasule. Director, Compassionate Trust Services (COTS), Kampala, Uganda

    Sam Kauapirura. Former Personal assistant to the Namibian minister for Ecology and Tourism. Frankfurt, Germany

    Neeraj Kaul. MD, Gwalior, India

    Peter Kavaler. M.Sc, Castro Valley, California

    Deola Kayode. 4th year Medical Student, Ile-ife, Nigeria

    Steven D. Keller. Journalist, San Francisco, California

    Jerome Kelly. MT, Fullerton, California

    Robert Hunter Kemmet. RN, Tempe, Arizona, former Science Advisor to Oklahoma Governor

    David Kempson. Dipl-Hom, Homeopathic Physician, Brisbane, Australia

    Frances Kendall. President of the Federalist Party Of South Africa; City Councilor of Johannesburg; Nobel Peace Prize nominee. Author, The Heart of the Nation, Super Parents, Super Children; Co-author, After Apartheid: the Solution For South Africa, and Let the People Govern

    Andrew Kenny. Engineer, Senior Research Officer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa

    George Kent. PhD, Chairman, Political Science Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Coordinator of the Task Force on Children�s Nutrition Rights for the World Alliance on Nutrition and Human Rights and the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action

    Dan Keown. MD, Hythe, United Kingdom

    Jean-luc Kerboul. Professeur STMS, Brest, France

    Phil Kerpen. Research Director, The Free Enterprise Fund, Washington, DC

    Jeremy Kerr. M.A., Sociology, University of Kentucky; Lexington, Kentucky

    Steven Kessler. Center for Health and Longevity, Donaldsonville, Louisiana

    Aisha Kessler. Certified Hypnotherapist, Austin, Texas

    Tiro Kganela. TV journalist and documentary film maker, Gaborone, Botswana

    Ashok Khatri. MD, Jaipur, India

    Mthembeni Khumalo. National Social Research Co-ordinator for the Working for Water Programme, Cape Town, South Africa

    Zakir Kibria. Executive Director, BanglaPraxis, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Editor, Praxis Journal

    Michael Kiel. PhD, Post-doctoral Fellow, Microbiology, Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Pennsylvania

    Ngenda Kigaraba. Directrice, Agence Tanzanienne de D�veloppement, Geneva Switzerland

    Pamela Kikiros. Dipl App Sci (Chem), Perth, Australia

    Hae-ryong Kim. MD, Busan, South Korea

    Dr. Yong-soo Kim. Seoul, South Korea

    Dr. Young Min Kim. Seoul, South Korea

    Dr. Ho Gun Kim. Seoul, South Korea

    Jong-chul Kim. Publisher/Editor, Noksaek Pyongnon (Green Review). Taegu, South Korea

    Tae Kim. MD, Los Angeles, California

    Dr. Sumg Eun Kim. Seoul, South Korea

    Stephen Karanja Kimiti. Technologist, Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Kenya

    Tim Kington. M.Sc., Cleveland, Ohio

    Dennis G. Kinnane. OMD, LAc, RPH, Torrance, California

    Anthony Kiragu. Conservation Programme Officer, Nature Kenya, Nairobi

    Lucy K. Kirauni. Journalist, Nairobi, Kenya

    Veronica Kirichenko. Assistant Professor in Biology, Dnepropetrovsk State University, Kiev, Ukraine

    John Kirkham. M.Res, Science Teacher, Manchester, UK

    Johnson Kitheka. PhD, Director, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya

    Marvin R. Kitzerow Jr. Nutritionist, Author, The Aids Indictment

    Dr. Leo Kivumbi. New York

    Edward Kiwanuka. Researcher, Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, Italy

    Lodewyk Kock. PhD, Professor of Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. Awarded Joint Runner-Up Prize in Research and Innovation from SA’s National Science and Technology Forum (2002)

    Claus Koehnlein. MD, AIDS specialist, Kiel, Germany

    Mawuli Kofi-tsekpo. Phd, Nairobi, Kenya, B Pharm, M Pharm, PhD, CChem, ARIC Kenya Medical Research Institute

    George Kohl. PhD, President, The Kohl Group, Morristown, New Jersey

    Fritz Kohle. M.A., London, England

    Ilkka Kokkarinen. PhD, Asst. Professor, Tampere University of Technology, Finland. Author of four computer science textbooks

    Vladimir Koliadin. PhD, Senior Research Scientist, State Aerospace University, Kharkov, Ukraine

    Heidi K�lle. MD, Germany

    Sokona Kone. Attorney, Atlanta, Georgia

    Felix Konotey-Ahulu. MD, Ghanaian physician at London�s Cromwell Hospital

    Niels Koschoreck. Psychotherapist, Cologne, Germany

    Manu Kothari. MD, Professor of Anatomy, former Head of Department of Anatomy, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India

    Shantilal Kothari. PhD, Nutritionist and President of Academy of Nutrition Improvement (ANI) in Nagpur, India

    Sarah Kotzamani. M.A., Benicia, California

    Alain Kouassi. MSCE, MBA, Civil Engineer, Newark, New Jersey

    Alev Kowalzik. Dipl.- Psych. Psychotherapist, Bad Kissingen, Germany

    Karl Krafeld. President, Wissenschaft, Medizin und Menschenrechte (Science, Medicine and Human Rights). Dortmund, Germany

    John F. Kramer. Physician Assistant Student, Oak Brook, Illinois

    Gary Krasner. Science writer; Director, Coalition For Informed Choice, New York

    Ivo Krausz. PhD, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts

    Heinrich Kremer. MD, former Medical Director of the Federal Clinics for Juvenile and Young Adult Drug Offenders for five German counties, including Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg

    Michael Kruschinski. Heilpraktiker, Raubling, Germany

    Philippe Krynen. former Director, Partage Tanzania, French Aids charity

    Gregg Kuehl. PhD Student, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana

    Robert Kuen. Dipl.-Ing., Engineer, M�nchen, Germany

    Christina Kugi. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria

    Hans J. Kugler. PhD, Editor, Preventive Medicine Update and author of many books on slowing down the aging process

    Msizi Kuhlane. Journalist, Documentary Film Maker, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Daniel Kulla. Author, Der Phrasenpr�fer, Eins auf�s Auge. Es k�nnte alles falsch gewesen sein and other books. Dresden, Germany

    Harold Kulungian. Nutrition writer, Amherst, Massachusetts

    Satish Kumar. MBBS, Physician, Mangalore, India

    Arbind Kumar. MD, Patna Medical College, India

    Tony Kunin. MA, Queens, New York

    Danladi Dada Kuta. PhD, Senior Research Scientist, National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, Nigeria; Researcher, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, People’s Friendship University of Russia

    Beth-Ann Kutchma. Fulbright Program Adviser, University Center for International Studies, University of North Carolina

    Mi-Jung Kwon. Korean Society for Applied Microbiology, Busan, Korea

    Robert Laarhoven. Journalist, Amsterdam, Netherlands

    Christian Laemmel. Journalist, Strasbourg, France

    Dariusz Lakaszynski. Biochemist, Lund University, Sweden

    Rafael Laloma. Acupuncturist, Bronx, New York

    Brian Lamb. DO, ND. Osteopathic and Naturopathic Physician, Folkestone, UK

    Annick Lambert. PhD, Professor of Statistics, Universit� du Qu�bec en Outaouais, Hull, Canada

    Evan Lambrou. Managing Editor, The Hellenic Times, author, Aids. Scare or Scam?

    Guylaine Lanctot. MD, author, The Medical Mafia

    Lisa Landymore-lim. PhD, Biochemist, Sydney, Australia, author, Poisonous Prescriptions

    Shawn Lane. BS Chemistry, Univ. of Notre Dame, MS Environmental Science, Illinois Institute of Technology; Chicago, Illinois

    Serge Lang. PhD, Professor of Mathematics, Yale University; awarded the Dylan Hixon �88 Prize for Teaching Excellence in the Natural Sciences; also the Steel and Cole prizes of the American Mathematical Society; Author of 37 books; former Fulbright Scholar; Member, US National Academy of Sciences

    Lesiba Langa. Journalist, City Press, Cape Town, South Africa

    Michael Lange. MD, Head of AIDS Programme, St. Lukes Hospital, New York

    Jean Paul Lange. Heilpraktiker, Lauffen, Germany

    Zoe Langley. Medical Writer, Corvallis, Oregon

    Stefan Lanka. PhD, Virologist, University of Koblenz, Vice President, Science, Medicine and Human Rights, Germany

    Brad Lapin. Writer and Editor, Roma, Italy

    Leonora Lartson. MD, MPH, Houston (Texas) Department of Health and Human Services

    James Lasalle. Attorney, Kansas City, Missouri

    Ilse Lass. Diplom Biology, Zepkow, Germany

    Ottmar Lattorf. Sociologist and Author, Cologne, Germany

    James Laub. Co-Chair of the PLWA Advisory Group of the Staten Island (New York) Ryan White HIV CARE Network

    Helen Lauer. PhD, Senior Lecturer, Philosophy Dept., University of Ghana. Author, Ghana: Changing Values/Changing Technologies

    Frank Laureano III. Registered Nurse, Emergency Department, Jacksonville, Alabama

    John Lauritsen. Journalist, Harvard-educated survey research analyst. Author of the books The AIDS War; Propaganda, Profiteering and Genocide From the Medical-Industrial Complex and Poison by Prescription; The AZT Story

    Peter LaVenia. PhD Student, State University of New York. Chairman of the Green Party of Albany County

    Diana Laverde. Psychologist, Universidad Los Libertadores, Bogot�, Colombia

    Paul Lawrence. Dental Surgeon, Adelaide, Australia

    Christopher Lawver. M.A., MFT, Psychotherapist, Beverly Hills, California

    John Le Carr�. Novelist, The Constant Gardener [Says the Hiv-Aids-AZT controversy needs serious debate and debate is being blocked by the Aids establishment]

    Herbert G. Lebherz. PhD, Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, San Diego State University, California

    Dr. Lois Lee. founder, Children of the Night, Recipient of the 1984 President�s Volunteer Action Award

    Robert W. Lee. Journalist and Author, Murray, Utah

    Sandra Lee. Registered Clinical Counselor, SSI Health Collective, Saltspring Island, BC, Canada

    Thomas Lee. ND, Kingman, AZ

    Vickie Lee. RPh, Tulsa, Oklahoma

    Enid Lee. LL.D, Educational Consultant, Long Beach, California. Visiting Scholar, Teaching For Change, Washington, D.C. and University of California at Santa Cruz. Author, Letters to Marcia: A teacher�s guide to Anti-racist education and many other books

    Maryanne Lee. MD, Toronto, Canada

    Ki Sung Lee. MD, Seoul, South Korea

    Yong Jae Lee. MD, Seoul, South Korea

    Dr. Teshale Lehona. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Nathaniel S. Lehrman. M.D., Psychiatrist, Roslyn, New York

    Jeffrey Leiphart. Psychologist, San Diego, California

    Marcos S. Leite. Electrical Engineer, Yonkers, New York

    Roberto Cesar Leite. MD, Director, Center for Integrative Medicine, Curitiba, Brazil

    Michael Leitner. Journalist, Dortmund, Germany. Author Mythos Hiv

    Frank Vincent Lekey. MD, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

    Danielle Lemann. MD, Langnau, Switzerland

    Viviana Lemos. Psychologist, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Argentina

    M. Zoe Lenska. ex-medical researcher in pharmacology, now investigative journalist, London, England, author, Health Care or Wealth Care

    Fidias E. Le�n Sarmiento. MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine and Basic Sciences, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia; Senior Research Fellow, National Institutes of Health, Washington DC

    Marta E. Leon-Sarmiento. M.Sc., Neuronet-Instituto Colombiano de Neurociencias Aplicadas, Neurobiolog�a Humana & Neurologia Clinica y Funcional, Bucaramanga, Colombia

    Hans-Walter Leonhard. PhD, F�rth/Bayern, Germany; runs German Rethinking Aids website

    Robert Leppo. MBA, Harvard University

    Pete LeRoy. Ph.D, Associate Professor, Western Montana College

    Dr. Ricardo Leschot. MD, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Mark Lester. Complementary Health Practitioner, London, UK

    Stanley Letsoko. Writer, Program Manager, University of the Witwatersrand Business School

    Arthur Letzel. Dipl.- Psychologe, Heringsdorf, Germany

    Dennis Levy. Former Executive Director, Black And Latino AIDS Coalition, New York City

    Marilyn Jaye Lewis. Novelist, New York. Author of Neptune and Surf and many other books

    Ajay Lewis. Medical Transcriptionist, Mumbai, India

    Christian Lhotka. MD, Orthopaedic Surgeon, Vienna, Austria

    Wen-Xi Liang. MD, Study Group on Nutrition and Immunity, Bern, Switzerland

    Oleg Liber. Professor at Bolton Institute of Higher Education (UK) and Director of CETIS (Centre for Educational Technology Interoperability Standards). Former Director of the Centre for Learning Technology, University of Wales, Bangor

    Barry A. Liebling. PhD, New York, NY

    Paul Lineback. M.S. (Counselling Psychology), former Counselor and Instructor at Southern Oregon Community College, Rogue Community College and Eastern Oregon University

    Herman Nyeck Liport. Journalist, Esperanto professor, Douala, Cameroon

    Thomas Lipscomb. Journalist, New York. Chairman, Center for the Digital Future; Fellow, Annenberg Center for the Digital Future at University of Southern California; Founder and President of Times Books (The New York Times book division); Holder of 5 patents in digital technology; Member, New York Academy of Sciences

    Constanza Lisdero. PhD, Postdoctoral Associate in Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Massachusetts

    Matelda Lisdero. MD, Ginecolog�a, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    David Lishner. PhD Psychology, Seattle, Washington

    Yingguang Liu. PhD, Asst. Professor of Science, Maranatha College, Wisconsin

    Gary L. Livacari. DDS, Skokie, Illinois

    Xavier Livermon. Graduate Student, University of California, Berkeley

    Anthony F. Liversidge. Science Writer and contributing editor at Omni Magazine

    Carl Llyons. MSW, Toronto, Canada

    Shyh-Ching Lo. MD, PhD, Chief, Division of Molecular Pathobiology, U.S. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology [Says AIDS is much more complicated than just Hiv and Hiv�s causative role is only �possible,� i.e., not proven]

    Helen Lobato. Journalist, Melbourne, Australia

    Michel Lobrot. PhD, Univ. Paris VIII, Les Lilas, France

    Justin Loew. Meteorologist, Wausau, Wisconsin

    Randall H. Lofton. D.O., Pathologist, Port Arthur, Texas

    Joan Lohay. Programme Officer for Nutrition Education, Tanzania Food & Nutrition Centre, Dar Es Salaam

    Christian Loizeau. Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Science, University of Metz, France

    Henk Loman. PhD, Professor of Biophysical Chemistry at the Free University in Amsterdam [Deceased 2002]

    Stoffer Loman. PhD, Pharmaceutical Chemist, Utrecht, Netherlands

    Robert Lombardi. Medical Writer, Li�ge, Belgium. Author, L’immensa balla dell�AIDS and Medicina inganno totale

    Luc�a Londo�o de Madrid. Bacteriologist, iridologist, New York

    Warren Longmire. PhD, San Francisco, California

    Judith Lopez. San Francisco, Scientific Illustrator, Author, Immune Dysfunction-Winning My Battle Against Toxins, Illness & the Medical Establishment

    Rubin Lopez. M.M., Indianapolis, Indiana

    Dr. Michele Lopez. Ministry of Public Health, Napoli, Italy

    Luz Marina L�pez. MD, Universidad del Rosario de Bogot�, Colombia

    Professor Jos� Ram�n L�pez. Director, Pereira Chapter, Colombian Arts and Sciences Foundation and coordinator of the Foundation�s Committee on Health. Pereira, Colombia

    Juan Jes�s L�pez. M.Sc., Professor of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico

    Karl Loren. MBA Harvard Univ., Researcher and Author, Burbank, California

    Leon Louw. Executive Director, Free Market Foundation and Law Review Project, South Africa; co-author, Beyond Apartheid and other books; nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, 1991, and 1992

    John C. Lowe. M.A., D.C., Chiropractic physician, Boulder, Colorado. Co-author, Your Guide to Metabolic Health

    David Lowenfels. Engineer. M.Eng, M.I.T.; M.A., Stanford University. San Francisco

    Hector Lozada. reporter for the newspaper El Bravo, Matamoros, Mexico

    Maurizio Luca-Moretti. MD, PhD, president, Inter American Medical and Health Association

    Manuel Lucena. PhD, Asst. Professor in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de Jaen, Spain

    Larena Luciano. Linguist, London, UK

    Sharon Luddington. RN, Keswick, Canada

    David Ludwig. MPH, RS, Manager, Environmental Health, Maricopa County Environmental Services. President, Arizona Environmental Health Association

    Luis Alberto Lu�vano. Chemical Engineer, Mexico City

    Friedrich Luft. MD, Franz-Volhard-Klinic, Berlin, Germany

    Federico Fernando Luj�n. Dentist, Oral Surgeon, Medical Student, Posadas, Argentina

    Lilian Lukambuzi. National Environment Council (NEMC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    Norman Lundel. Medical student, New York, NY

    Dr. Victoria Lundgreen. Stavanger, Norway

    Gustavo Marcelo Lust-Kr�mer. Student of Biomedical Engineering, Montevideo, Uruguay

    James Lyons. DC, Biologist, Medical Researcher, Doctor of Chiropractic, Columbus, Ohio

    Laura Machado. M.Sc., Physics, La Victoria, Venezuela

    Zorodzai Machekanyanga. Advocacy and Information Officer for Zimbabwe’s National AIDS Council (NAC)

    Richard MacIntyre. PhD, former Fulbright Scholar, Professor and Division chair for Nursing and Health Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, New York Author, Mortal Men: Living With Asymptomatic HIV

    Jamey Mack. Biochemist, Abbott Laboratories, Waukegan, Illinois

    Arthur Mackenzie-Peers. Chemist, Limeuil, France

    Shane A. MacLaughlin. PhD, Chemistry, Toronto, Canada

    Joe Madanski. M.A., Painesville, Ohio

    Rangarirai Claudius Madembo. Economist, Harare, Zimbabwe

    Lerato Madimabe. Journalist, Grahamstown, South Africa

    R. Eric Madrid. Ohio State Medical Student Class of 2002, Columbus, Ohio

    Lucia Madrid. Medical Technologist, Wantagh, North Carolina

    Uchenna Madu. Director of Information, Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)

    Glenn A. Magee. PhD, Assistant Professor, Philosophy, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia

    Christine Maggiore. Director, Alive and Well (aliveandwell.org), author, What if Everything You Thought You Knew About Aids Was Wrong?

    Maura Magioncalda. Attorney, Milan, Italy

    Jean Mahailet. PhD, Naturopath, Mableton, Georgia

    Chetan Mahendra. M.Eng student, Singapore

    Peter Mahlangu. Attorney, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Robert Mahler. MD, Medical Resident, Yonkers, New York

    Darren Main. Yoga and meditation instructor, San Francisco. Author, Yoga and the Path of the Urban Mystic and Spiritual Journeys along the Yellow Brick Road

    Ernest John Maina. MD, Nairobi, Kenya

    Leonardo Maini. PhD student, High School Science Teacher, Padova, Italy

    Meher Majety. PhD Student in Microbiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany

    Amon R. Makenya. PhD, Royal University of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

    Rian Malan. South African author of My Traitor�s Heart: A South African Exile Returns to Face His Country, His Tribe and His Conscience. [Thinks that African Aids figures are very exaggerated by the Aids establishment]

    Sen�n Malo Batista. MD, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Columbia; Scientific Director, Center For Alternative Therapies, Cartagena, Colombia

    Wubshet Mamo. PhD, Assoc. Professor of Medical Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Sweden

    Pasquale Mamone. MD, Heart Surgeon, San Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy

    Mathias Mamsch. PhD Student, University of Magdeburg, Germany

    Antonino Mancuso. MD, Bologna, Italy

    Jerry S. Maneker. PhD, Professor of Sociology, California State University, Chico

    Andrew Maniotis. PhD, Program Director, Cell and Developmental Biology of Cancer, Departments of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago

    Kassi Manlan. MD, Director General for Health and Social Services, Cote d�Ivoire [Says the virus is only a co-factor]

    Cathy Manning. Certified Hypnotherapist, Buena Vista, Colorado

    Erik C. Manos. DDS, Denver, Colorado

    Roland Mansour. MS Electrical Engineering, Brooklyn, New York

    Carla Marcelis. Naturopath, Montreal, Canada. Co-author, Uncommon Questions: A Feminist Exploration of AIDS

    R�gine Marchal. Psychoth�rapeute, Namur, Belgium

    Geir Marcussen. MNNH, Homeopath, Hommelstoe, Norway

    Zachary Margulis-ohnuma. Attorney, New York City

    David Marnaw. MD, Chiang Rai, Thailand

    Jennifer Marquis. PhD, San Francisco, California

    Pierpaolo Marrone. PhD, Lecturer in Moral Philosophy, University of Trieste, Italy

    Wende Elizabeth Marshall. PhD, Princeton University. Assistant Professor, University of Virginia. Previously Postdoctoral Fellow, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University School of Medicine

    David Martin. B.A., Physics. Writer/Illustrator/Translator, Osaka, Japan. Author, Dave the Canadian Beaver Goes to Japan

    Brian Martinez. Journalist, Houston, Texas

    Lorenz Martinez. M.A. Sociology, Mission Viejo, California

    Victor Hugo Martinez. Agricultural Engineer, Tepic, Mexico. President of the Foundation for Holistic Medicine

    Eduardo Martinez. Editor/Publisher, Tendencias Cient�ficas, Spanish language science news service. Madrid, Spain

    Mirlenis Mart�nez. Journalist, Barquisimeto, Venezuela

    Juan-luis Martinez-ledesma. Instructor in Physics, Universidad Nacional Aut�noma de M�xico

    Gaetano Martino. MD, Olona, Italy

    Chiara Martucci. M.A., Milano, Italy

    Kadmiel Maseyk. PhD Student, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

    Dr. Antonio Masini. Bovolone Vr, Italy

    Ilja Maso. PhD, Professor of Theory of Science, Universiteit voor Humanistiek, Utrecht, Netherlands. His fields of interest include qualitative research, empirical phenomenological research and the demarcation between science and pseudo-science

    Leo Mastromatteo. Engineer, Ghana

    Patrice Matchaba. MD, Cochrane Centre, Cape Town, South Africa

    Maribel Mateo. PhD, Professor of Education, University of Barcelona, Spain

    Doris Matovelo. M.A., Med. Asst., Ndolage Mission Hospital and Morogoro Govt. Hospital; Nutrition Officer for Morogoro Urban; Librarian, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania

    Jayro A. Matovelo. Professor and Assoc. Director, Research & Postgraduate Studies, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

    Dumiso G.M. Matshazi. Masters in Public Health, Biostatistician, San Bernardino, California

    Dumiso Matshazi. MPH, Riverside County Department of Mental Health, California

    A. Matsumoto. Professor of Management, Tokyo, Japan

    Ken N. Matsumura. MD, Chairman, Alin Foundation & Research Institute., Berkeley, California

    Klazien Matter-Walstra. PhD, former manager, laboratory for immunocytochemical cancer diagnosis for exfoliative cytology, Institute of Pathology in Bern, Switzerland. Presently teaches evidence based medicine at Mediscope

    Constance Matthews. Registered Nurse, Orlando, Florida

    James Matthews. PhD, Senior Lecturer, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

    Nora Mauermann. Immunologist, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

    Robert W. Maver. F.S.A., M.A.A., Director of Research, Mutual Benefit Life, Kansas City, Missouri

    Giora Mavligit. Concluded that their results strongly support the hypothesis that allogenic sperm is an etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of acquired immune dysregulation among homosexual males who practice anal sex

    Gregory Maxim. Attorney, Sacramento, California

    Leonid Maximenkov. PhD, Historian and Essayist, Moscow, Russia

    Clemmer Mayhew III. writer, Delray Beach, Florida

    Justine Mbabazi. Rwandan Attorney, Visiting Scholar in Gender and the Law, American University, Washington College of Law, Washington, DC

    Sama Mbang. DC; RIC/E, Scientist/Researcher, Daimler Chrysler. Ulm, Germany

    Carlos Mbuta. M.Sc., National Environmental Management Council, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    Sue McCaskie. Journalist, Bellmore, New York

    Holley McCoy-Eller. Journalist, Mildenhall, UK

    Craig McCracken. Dental Prosthetist, Teacher, Department of Health and Biosciences, RMIT University, Melbourne. Board member, Dental Practice Board of Victoria, Australia

    Ross McCulloch. D.C., Chiropractor and Applied Kinesiologist, Tunbridge Wells, UK

    Helen McDade. Veterinary Surgeon, UK; Executive Officer of an M.E. (myalgic encephalopathy) Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research charity

    Scott McDonald. M.Sc. Chemistry, Leeds, UK

    John F. McGowan. PhD, Physics, Mountain View, California

    Matthew McIntosh. PhD, Director of HCC Wellness and Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Hagerstown, Maryland

    Andrew McIntyre. Journalist, Melbourne, Australia

    Joseph McIntyre. Professor of Linguistics, University of Hamburg, Germany

    Kenneth V. McIver. Acupuncturist, Member of New Zealand�s government health liason committee. Auckland, New Zealand

    Michael McKee. Naturopath, Homeopath, Bachelor of Applied Science in Health Science, Brisbane, Australia

    Joan McKenna. Dr., Research Physiologist, Institute for Thermobaric Studies, Berkeley, California

    John McKinney. MD, St. Louis, Missouri

    Matthew McLeod. PhD, Nutrition & Health, London, United Kingdom

    Lynne McTaggart. London, UK, Editor of 25 books on health, Author of What Doctors Don�t Tell You: the Truth about the Dangers of Modern Medicine and other books

    W. Robynne McWayne. MD, anesthesiologist, Olympia, Washington; Author, Radical Reality

    Spencer Means. Professor, Baruch College, City University of New York

    Nicholas Megan. Computer network engineer, IBM, Los Angeles, California

    Rugatiri Mekacha. PhD, Head, Kiswahili Department, University Of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    Howard C. Mel. PhD, Berkeley, California

    Arthur Melkonian. MD, Epidemiology and Public Health, Yerevan, Armenia

    Monica Melton. Faculty of Mass Communications, Program Director, WSNC. Winston-Salem State University, North Carolina

    Juan Carlos Mendible. PhD, Associate Professor of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas; Venezuelan rep. to UNESCO�s Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee

    Dr. Antonio Mendoza. MD, president, Colombian Association for the Scientific Reappraising of the Etiology of AIDS (TOXISIDA)

    Jos� Mendoza Amador. Dental Surgeon, Hospital General de M�xico, Secretariat of Health and the National Institute of Cancer Studies. Monarcas, M�xico

    Nina Menkes. Film Maker, Won Los Angeles Film Critics award, fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Rockefeller Foundation, an American Film Institute Independent Filmmaker grant, and many other awards

    Mike Menkes. President, Health Science Solutions, Hollywood, Florida; Nutrition Advisor for TAEBO nutritional products

    Ashok Menon. PhD, Radiology Researcher, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

    Shabnam Merchant. New York, BA, Physics, Bryn Mawr College; MS, Engineering Sciences, Dartmouth College

    Dr. Joseph Mercola. former Chairman of the Family Medicine department at St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, Illinois; served as editor of HIV Monograph by Abbott Laboratories published in 1989 and distributed to physicians nationally. Editor of www.mercola.com, one of the top 10 health websites on the internet

    David Merrell. BSc. DMD, FAGD., Oral Med/Aids Medical Staff, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

    David Mertz. PhD, Philosopher of Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

    Debbasu Meselu Amare. M.A., Agricultural University of Norway�s Centre for International Environment and Development Studies.

    Ginger Metcalf. Psychotherapist, Spokane, Washington

    Michael Metcalf. MD, Spokane, Washington

    Bernd Meyer. Diplom Physiker, Berlin, Germany

    Lynet Mhlanga. Human Rights Attorney, London, UK

    Sam Mhlongo. MD, Head of the Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care at the Medical University of South Africa, Johannesburg

    Tony W. Micallef. ATMS-accredited complementary medicine practitioner and iridologist, Sydney, Australia

    John F. Michael. PhD student, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

    Aaron Micheau. Attorney, Public Defender, Legal Aid Society, New York City

    Th. H.L. Michiels. MD, Vinkeveen, The Netherlands

    Foster Mijiga. Director, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI). Windhoek, Namibia

    Vladimir Mikaelyan. PhD, Assoc. Professor, Psychology, Yerevan State University, Armenia

    John Mikowski. MD, Warsaw, Poland

    Stefania Milazzo. Research Fellow, Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter & Plymouth Institute of Health & Social Care, Exeter, UK

    John Milich. Journalist, Ithaca, New York

    Donald W. Miller. Jr., MD, Professor of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine

    James W. Miller. MD, San Leandro, California

    Larry Thomas Miller. CLS, M.A., Los Angeles, California

    Todd Miller. PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida

    James Miller. MD, Oakland, California

    Mark L. Milliron. BSc MSc PhD candidate Medical Genetics, Chilliwack, BC, Canada

    Jamie Mills. MD, Leicester, UK

    George Milowe. MD, Melrose-Wakefield Hospital, Malden, Massachusetts

    Michael Mink. PhD candidate, Holistic Nutrition, Atlanta, Georgia

    Stephen F. Minkin. Network for Infection Prevention, Brattleboro, Vermont [Says Hiv is not transmitted by penile-vaginal sex]

    Gary James Minter. Epidemiologist, North Carolina Dept. of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina

    Sandy Mintz. M.A., Writer and Publisher, Vaccination News, Anchorage, Alaska

    Cristina Mir�. PhD Student in Molecular Biology, Barcelona, Spain

    Maria Missiroli . PhD, Researcher, Villa Griffone Radio Labs, Universit� di Bologna, Italy

    Richard Mitchell. PhD, Professor of Sociology, Oregon State University. Recipient of the Charles Horton Cooley Award, the most prestigious in sociology

    P. David Mitchell. PhD, Psychologist and Emeritus Professor of Educational Technology (former Director of the Graduate Programme), Concordia University, Montreal, Canada. Recipient of the Prix Phillippe-Marton award for educational technology

    Maria Mitzikis. Nutritionist, Sydney, Australia

    Shinnichi Miyamoto. Chemist, Hyogo, Japan

    John Mkandawire. MSW, MPH, Boston, Massachusetts

    Eugene Mniwasa. Researcher, Writer, Attorney, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

    Eugene Mniwasa. LL.B, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

    Omba Sakatolo Modeste. Pr�sident, La Communaut� Katangaise du Canada

    Keoagile Modisakeng. M.Sc., PhD Student in Biochemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa

    Shadrack Moephuli. PhD, Toxicology, Senior Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa [Says leading Aids drug AZT should not be used]

    Lerato Mofoti. Attorney, Bloemfontein, South Africa

    Lamine Ould Sidi Mohamed. Professeur de Gestion, Bamako, Mali

    Abdalla Mohammed. PhD, Instructor, University of Wisconsin, Madison

    Fathi Najafi Mohsen. Biotechnologist, Mashhad, Iran

    Francelot Moise. MD, Haitian physician living in South Florida

    Mahesh Mokashi. MD, Mumbai, India

    Charles Molele. Journalist, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Francis Moloi. Harvard University South Africa Fellow. Author, A Constitutional Debacle: Amnesty to Perpetrators and Denial of the Victims� Right of Access to Court

    Clark Molstad. PhD, Professor of Mgmt, California State University, San Bernardino

    Juan Jos� Moncada Ib��ez. MD, Medical Director, Santa Natura, Peruvian Institute of Integral Medicine

    Constantino Mondragon. Psychotherapist, Mexico City

    Rosa Cecilia Monsalve. RN, University of Antioquia, Medell�n, Colombia

    Joseph Montanez. Respiratory Therapist; HIV pre-post counselor, Massachusetts [ ]

    Carlos Monteverde. MD, Immunology and Allergy, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Al Montgomery. Chemist, Blythewood, South Carolina

    Fernando R. Montserrat. Psychotherapist, Mexico City

    Aadela Moolla. Student (Microbiology & Haemotology), Johannesburg, South Africa

    Dave Moore. Retired Engineering Director, Broadcast Television, Kamuela, Hawaii

    Wayne Moore. CQSW, London, UK

    Rusty M. Moore. PhD, Assoc. Professor, Hofstra University, New York

    Kojo Moore. JD, Berkeley, California

    Cherri Moore. RN, Jackson, Mississippi

    David Moore. Engineer, Wichita, Kansas

    Brendan Moorehead. M.Sc., Stanford University. Oakland, California

    Mpho Mophiring. Engineer, Johannesburg, South Africa

    David Moraga Amador. PhD, Scientific Director, Education and Training Core, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida

    Gordon Moran. Author, Silencing Scientists and Scholars in Other Fields

    Rheeta Moran. Senior Researcher, Salford University, UK [Says the Aids drugs don�t work]

    Roselyne Morel. MD, Nantes, France

    Pau Moreno. MD, Barcelona, Spain

    Elizabeth Morgan. Lecturer, University of Queensland, Australia

    Peter Morrell. M.Phil, Lecturer, Hon. Research Associate, History of Medicine, Staffordshire University, UK, co-author, Environmental Science textbook

    John Anthony Morris. PhD, Biochemist, Bell of Atari College Park, Maryland

    Margaret Morris. MT (ASCP) SC, NCA-CLS, Medical Technologist, Specialist Chemistry/ American Society of Clinical Pathologists. Springvale, Maine

    Joseph E. Morrow. PhD, Cal. State Univ. Sacramento, California

    Philip Mortimer. PhD, Director of the Virus Reference Laboratory of the Public Health Laboratory Service, London, UK [Says Hiv tests not accurate, not reliable, high rates of false positives, and it may be impossible to relate a positive test specifically to Hiv]

    Jonas Moses. Project Manager, Research Scientist, Laboratory for Xray Microimaging and Bioinformatics, Doctoral student in Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago

    Richard Onchaga Moses. M.Sc., PhD Student, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Netherlands

    Keith Moskowitz. Senior Scientist, Gaithersburg, MD

    Albert G. Mosley. PhD, Professor of Philosophy, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts [Says Aids is multifactorial]

    Victor Mosoti. Attorney, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

    Heath Motley. Doctor of Applied Kinesiology and Chiropractic, Honolulu, Hawaii

    Leila Mouammar. PhD Student, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada

    William Mowery. Jr., MSEE, Morristown, New Jersey

    John D. Moyer. MD, Surgeon, Yarmouthport, Massachusetts

    Matane Mphahlele. Attorney, Pretoria, South Africa

    Peter Mtakwa. PhD, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania

    Nakato Mubanda. D.C., M.Ac., Chiropractor, Acupuncturist, Kampala, Uganda

    Andrew Mueller. B.S. Biology, Florida State University; MPH (Master of Public Health), Florida International University; Jacksonville, Florida

    Clement Mufuzi . National Chairman, Network of Zambian People Living Positively with AIDS, Lusaka

    Melanie Muise. Grad. Student in Sociology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada

    Simon Mukwana. Medical Researcher, Computer Medicine, London, England

    Imanuel Mulder. Former Chief Director, Occupational Health and Safety, Dept. of Labor, Govt. of South Africa. Pretoria

    Hermann M�ller. PhD, Director, Institute of Virology, Universit�t Leipzig, Germany

    Dr. Kary Mullis. PhD, Biochemist, Winner, 1993 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for inventing the polymerase chain reaction, the basis for the HIV viral load tests.

    R. Munck. MD, Ceret, France

    Jethu Mundul. TV Journalist, Documentary Film Maker, Bombay, India

    Peggy Munson. Author, Stricken: Voices from the Hidden Epidemic of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Providence, Rhode Island

    Eric Muriithi. M.Sc., Environmental Engineer, Nairobi, Kenya

    Brian K. Murphy. Senior Policy Analyst with Inter Pares, the Canadian international social justice organization; Author, Transforming the World, An Open Conspiracy for Social Change, ZED Books (London and New York), 1999.

    Rose Mary Murphy. Women�s Health Interaction, Ottawa, Canada. Co-author, Uncommon Questions: A Feminist Exploration of AIDS

    Rich Murray. Registered Pharmacist, Georgetown

    Enrico Bressan Muscar�. Film Director, Madrid, Spain

    Dolors Must�. Directora de la Fundaci� T�rraco Energia Local, Tarragona, Spain

    Laurent Mutelet. Geobiologist, Saint L�on, France

    Aldin K Mutembei. PhD, Lecturer, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    Adrian Muunga. Program Officer, National Democratic Institute, Lilongwe, Malawi

    Santina Mwarania . M.A., Counselor, Idaho School for the Deaf and Blind. Twin Falls, Idaho

    Dr. Ahmed Makata Mwinyimtwana. Forensic Pathologist, Melbourne, Australia

    Rebecca Myles. Journalist, New York

    Claude Naar. MD, Radiologist, Plantation, Florida

    Martin Nabor. D.Min, Georgia

    Sheri Nakken. RN, M.A., Homeopathic Educator, Nevada City, California

    Tiwari Krishna Nand. MD, Physician, Berlin, Germany

    Abhijit Nandi. Physician, MBBS, Master in Community Health, Kolkata, India

    Jerome F. Napoli. D.C., San Francisco, California

    Catherine Nasmith. B.Arch, OAA, MRAIC, TSA, CAPHC, Architect, Toronto, Canada

    Sabelo Ndabazandile. MBA, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Navaya Ole Ndaskoi . Journalist, Coordinator, Indigenous Rights for Survival International, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

    Mboneli Ndlangisa. M.Sc., Harding, South Africa

    Chris Neaves. Homeopath, Randburg, South Africa

    Andrew Neil. M.A., PhD (hon), Publisher of The Business (London) The Scotsman and Evening News (Edinburgh). Formerly editor of the Sunday Times of London, UK editor of The Economist and Executive editor of Fox Television News in the US

    J.B. Neilands. PhD, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley [Says Duesberg makes an excellent case that Hiv is not the cause of Aids and we need an investigation of corruption in the federal AIDS program]

    Cindy Nelson. M.A., San Francisco, California

    Jeff Neo. Engineer, Republic Polytechnic Institute, Singapore

    Dr. Willi Neuhold. Homeopathic Physician, Graz, Germany

    Felix Mosi Ngamlagosi. Economist, Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

    Emmanuel Ngembo. PhD, Mathematician, University of Alberta, Canada

    Richard Ngwenya. MD, Adjunct Clinical Professor of Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California; Executive Medical Director, James Mobb Immune Enhancement Clinics, Harare, Zimbabwe

    Lorena Nicardi. PhD, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy

    Dian Nicholson. AMA, Metaphysician/Psychotherapist. Author, Lies Your Ego Told You, Toronto, Canada

    Cathy Nickels. MS Certified Health Education Specialist Instructor, - IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana

    Dominica Nieddu. MSW, Social Worker, San Miguel County Health Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico

    Serge Niederhoffer. Psychotherapist, Mulhouse, France

    Rainer Niederkofler. PhD, Institute for Public Management, Bozen, Italy

    Peter Zinck Nielsen. M.Sc., St�vring, Denmark

    J. Lawrence Nieters. PhD, Psychotherapist, Kansas City, Kansas

    Greg Nigh. N.D., L.Ac, Naturopathic Physician, Licensed Acupuncturist, Portland, Oregon

    Bernardo Nigrini. Writer, Pretoria, South Africa

    Nelson Nisenbaum. MD, S�o Paulo, Brasil

    Paul Nison. Author, The Raw Life: Becoming Natural in an Unnatural World, Raw Knowledge: Enhance the Powers of Your Mind, Body, & Soul and Healing Inflammatory Bowel Disease. New York

    Michael Nitsche. Dipl.-Inform. Technische Universit�t Berlin

    Carlo Nizzo. PhD, Universit� di Torino, Italy

    George Noory. Journalist, Former news director, KMSP-TV in Minneapolis; Radio talk show host

    Dennis Noren. M.A., Statistics, San Jose, California

    Darius Nosreti. Ostrava, Czech Republic, Science Journalist, author of Medicinal Database Archeus

    Ajir Nott. PhD, Research Associate, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California

    Chicgoua Noubactep . PhD, Geochemist, Geoscientific Center of the University of Goettingen, Germany

    Liliane Nouth�. Dipl. Inf., Executive Committee member, Association of Cameroonian engineers and computer scientists

    Raymond W. Novaco. PhD, Professor of Psychology & Social Behavior, University of California at Irvine

    Aline Nsounta. PhD student, Molecular Biology, University of Mannheim and University of Heidelberg, Germany

    Stanley Ntagali. M.A., Oxford, UK

    Pierre Olivier Ntongmo. Dipl. Elektrotechnik, Berlin, Germany

    Khulekani Ntshangase. Spokesperson, African National Congress, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Monde Ntwasa. PhD, Lecturer in Molecular Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa

    Josephine Nujoma. Biomedical Technical Engineer, Windhoek, Namibia

    Gary Null. PhD, syndicated host of Natural Living with Gary Null, author ( AIDS, A Second Opinion ), and a producer of PBS special programs. His Deconstructing the Myth of AIDS won the Audience Award for Best Documentary at both the New York and Los Angeles International Independent Film and Video Festivals.

    Chris Nwaokobia. Journalist, Lagos, Nigeria

    Marleen Nys. M.Sc., Biostatistics, Gent, Belgium

    Michael D. O�Connor. MLS, Medical Librarian, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston

    John O’Donnell. Laboratory Technician, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire

    Paddy O�Gorman. Journalist and TV/Radio Broadcaster, Dublin, Ireland

    Colleen O�Kelly. Medical Student, University of Nevada

    Peggy O�Mara. Editor and Publisher, Mothering Magazine

    Dr. John O’Neal. Tucker, Georgia

    Tim O�Shea. D.C., San Jose, California. Author, To Health and Back, The Superfoods, Conventional Medicine Vs. Holistic: A World Of Difference and other books

    Robert Obrian. Writer, Editor, Attorney, Long Island City, New York

    David S. Oderberg. D.Phil (Oxford) Professor of Philosophy, University of Reading, UK

    Ezra Odhiambo. Electrical Engineer, Nairobi, Kenya

    William Oei. JD, Redondo Beach, California

    Jeff Ofstedahl. Columnist and General Manager, Echo Magazine, Phoenix, Arizona

    Gregory Ogle. Attorney, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

    Dr. Ahmed E.O. Ogwell. Director, Non Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya

    Kwabena Awuah Ohene-gyan. PhD, Bacteriologist, London, UK

    Dr. Paul Olisa Adaka Ojeih. Medical Director, Iris Medical Foundation, Lagos, Nigeria, author, Man and Diseases, AIDS: The Untold Truth and Cure, and AIDS: The Plague That Never Existed

    Chima Oji. MD, DDS, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria

    Qevin Oji. Writer/Editor, Playwright, Los Angeles, California

    Dr. Chima Oji. Professor of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Author of three textbooks and the book Unter die Deutschen gefallen - Erfahrungen eines Afrikaners (Fallen under Germans - Experiences of an African)

    Anthony I. Okoh. PhD, Lecturer, Department Of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

    Samuel Okoro. Engineer, Lagos, Nigeria

    Martin Okot-Wang. MD, Head of TB wards, Old Mulego Hospital, Kampala, Uganda [Says Aids often misdiagnosed in Africa and the Hiv tests kill people by destroying hope]

    Sam Okware. MD, Deputy Director, Medical Services, AIDS and Communicable Diseases, Uganda

    John Olander. Health Officer, Lanesborough, New Ashford and Richmond, Massachusetts Boards of Health

    John Olex. RN, Louisville, Kentucky

    Julio Oliveira. DDS, MSc, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Rick Oliver. L.Ac, Ms.D, Acupuncturist, Los Angeles, Calif

    Ofelia Olivero. Phd, Staff Scientist, U.S. National Cancer Institute [Says AZT extremely toxic]

    Anna Olson. Journalist, Winnipeg, Canada

    Beverly Olson. RN, New York

    Fernando Ongay. PhD, Professor of Mathematics, Universidad Nacional Aut�noma de M�xico

    Vitale Onorato. President, La Leva di Archimede Associazione di Consumatori, Roma, Italy

    Gianluca Orlandi. PhD Student in Physics. Civitanova Marche, Italy

    David J. Orman. M.Sc., San Diego, California

    Cindy Orser. PhD, Asst. Prof. Bacteriology, Univ. Idaho, Moscow, Idaho

    Alejandro Ortiz-Stern. Medical Student, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom�dicas, Mexico City

    Charles Ortleb. Author; Publisher, The New York Native

    Maria Ortu�o. PhD, Granada, Spain

    Okoth Osewe. Writer; Secretary, Kenya Socialist Democratic Alliance

    Neenyah Ostrom. science journalist, author, free-lance science researcher for ABC News. News and Public Information Director, Chronic Illness Research Foundation

    Paul Ostyn. PhD, Professor of Linguistics, University of Namur, Belgium

    Rafael Oter. Health writer, Barcelona, Spain

    Ronald P. Ouellette. PhD, Psychoanalyst, Florida

    Julio Oviedo. MD, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Nduhukhire Owa-Mataze. Senior Lecturer, Political Economist, Uganda Martyrs University, Uganda

    Bob L. Owen. PhD, author, Roger�s Recovery from AIDS

    Chris Owens. M.A. student Counseling Psychology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana

    Giancarlo Pace. PhD, Astrophysicist, Universita� di Trieste, Italy

    John G. Padgett. Former staff member, Aids Healthcare Foundation, Pharmacy Department

    Khemfoia Padu. D.C., Englewood, New Jersey

    Armando Paez. M.Sc., Anthropology and Sustainable Development; Architect, Universidad de las Am�ricas, Puebla, M�xico

    Barry Page. M.Sc., Department of Medical Physics, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia

    Camille Paglia. PhD, Professor of Humanities at University of the Arts in Philadelphia. Author, Sexual Personae, Sex, Art and American Culture

    Montserrat Palacin. MD, President of Spanish Kousmine Association, Expert in RPG, Barcelona, Spain

    Montse Palau. Professor of Philology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain

    Rebel Palm-Aitchison. M.A., PhD candidate, Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque

    Annie Palmer. Chiropractor, Washougal, Washington

    Geeta Palumbo. Instructor, Columbia University School of Nursing

    Thomas Palumbo. RN, New York City

    Fritz Pampus. Dipl.-Psych. Psychologist, Munich, Germany

    Birenda Kumar Panda. PhD, Physicist, Bhubaneswar, Germany

    Geevee Pandala. MD, PhD, Eranakulam, Kerala, India

    Massimo Pandiani. MB, BCh. Physician, Urologist, Milano, Italy. Founder, Italian Medical Association of Applied Nutrition; Director, Italian School of Applied Nutrition. Author, Guida al corretto utilizzo di vitamine e minerali nella nutrizione, Trattato di Medicina Funzionale, L’Invecchiamento - Invecchiare in salute con le strategie della medicina funzionale and other books.

    Inez Pandit. MD, Assistant Professor, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

    Sharad Arvind Pandit. MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia

    Danny Pansters. PhD Physics, �s-hertogenbosch, Netherlands

    Vera Pantanizopoulos-broux. M.A., Lecturer, University of Tennessee, Instructor, Maryville College. Fulbright fellow.

    John M. Papadimitriou. MD, PhD, Professor of Pathology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia

    Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos. Biophysicist, Department of Medical Physics, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia

    Athanasios Papoulias. Dipl. Inform, Universit�t Dortmund, Germany

    Charles Parcells. MBA, Grosse Pointe, Michigan

    Renzo Pareja Valencia. DDS, Dental Surgeon, Lima, Peru

    Rita Parikh. M.A., Journalist, Exec. Director, Pacific Peoples� Partnership, Victoria, BC, Canada

    Anthony R. Parish. PhD, Medical Researcher, Norwich, UK

    Ben Parish. M.Sc., London, UK

    Ju-Youn Park. PhD, Dept. of Microbiology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

    Adrienne Parks. Writer, Researcher, Summa cum laude grad., Princeton University

    Jose E. Parra Pi�eros. M.Sc., Biologist, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia

    Dewi Parry. Dip. Ac, MBAcC, Acupuncturist, Denbs, UK

    Mauro Pasqui. Dental Student, Bologna, Italy

    Siro Passi. PhD, Biochemist, head of the Cell Aging Center of the IDI Research Institute, Rome, former Scientific Director and Head of the Physiopathology Laboratory, St. Gallicano Research Institute, Rome

    George N. Pasto. MD, Portland, Oregon

    Janardhan Patil. MD, Satara, India

    Sebastian Patino. Literature Professor, Mexico City

    Eric Patrick. Grad. Student, Political Science, San Francisco, California

    Eric Patrick. Grad. Student, San Francisco State University

    Bryan Patterson. Registered Nurse, Physical Therapist Assistant, Midland, Texas

    Stefan Pattis. Naturopathic doctor, Meran, Italy

    Most Rev. Martin J. Patton. CHt, Diplomat, Intl. Medical and Dental Hypnotherapy Assoc. Exec. Director, Attitudes For Wellness, Cincinnati, Ohio

    Stephen Pauker. MD, New England Medical Center, Boston [Says Hiv tests result in far more false positives than true]

    M. Dennis Paul. Ph.D., Thought Addiction Specialist, Counselor/Therapist, Windsor, New Hampshire

    Jos� Paula. PhD, Lisbon, Portugal

    Hannes G. Pauli. MD, Former Director Bern Univ. Med. Faculty, Bern, Switzerland

    Linus Pauling. PhD, Chemist, two-time winner of the Nobel Prize [Said high dose Vitamin C can control Aids]

    Sunny Paulose. Doha, Qatar, Postgraduate Dental Surgeon

    Alexander E. Paulsen. Engineer, Jacksonville, Florida

    Colin R. Payne. M.A., Norwich, UK

    Marianne Payne. Midwife, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

    Colin Payne. Head, Mathematics Dept., Broadland School, Wroxham, UK

    Humberto Payno. Psychotherapist, Mexico City

    Leonard Payton. PhD, University of California, San Diego

    Joseph Pazillo. Playwright and lyricist, New York City

    Lawrence Pease. Chemist, Engineer (Retired), Costa Mesa, California

    J. Michael Peat. Arlington, Texas, Director of Technology, Inside Technology USA

    Raymond Peat. PhD, Biology. Taught at University of Oregon, Montana State University, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico, and Blake College. Author, Progesterone in Orthomolecular Medicine, Nutrition for Women, From PMS to Menopause: Female Hormones in Context and other books

    Salvatore Pece. MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy

    Mwalu Peeters. Nutritionist, Squamish, BC, Canada

    Christopher Peguero. Sociologist, Seattle, Washington

    Bernard G Peissel. MD, Researcher, Milan, Italy

    Jamila Peiter. Author, Mein Hunger nach Liebe, Frankfurt, Germany

    Bratislav Pejovic. Journalist, Beograd, Serbia

    Ross Pengilley. PhD, Zoologist, Darwin Australia

    Corrado Penna. Math and Physics teacher, Messina, Italy

    Luanne Pennesi. RN, MS, President of Metropolitan Wellness Center, New York, NY

    Gerie Perez. Registered nurse, McAllen, Texas

    Antonio Perez. Attorney, Madrid, Spain

    Pilar Peris. MD, Barcelona, Spain

    Daniela Perotti. PhD, Researcher, Division of Pediatric Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy

    Jack Perrine. PhD, Pasadena, California

    Stephan Petrowitsch. Psychotherapist, Institut f�r aktive Lebensgestaltung, Aystetten, Germany

    Rolf-J�rgen Petry. Heilpraktiker, Gnarrenburg, Germany. Author, Strophanthin - der m�gliche Sieg �ber den Herzinfarkt. (Strophanthin - the possible victory over the cardiac infarction)

    Maya Petzoldt. Film Maker, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Ulrike Pfalzgraf. Editor, PC Mobile, Munich Germany

    Markus Pfister. Phd, Zurich, Switzerland

    Alain Pfouga. Dipl.-Ing., Engineer, Technische Universit�t Darmstadt, Germany

    Peter Philips. Publisher, Pacific Maritime Magazine

    Daniel Phillips. MBA, Retired Accounting Professor, Clinton, Connecticut

    Peter Phillips. PhD, Professor of Sociology at Soma University in California, Director of Project Censored, author of Censored 1998

    Alan Phillips. Author, attorney; Co-Director, Citizens for Healthcare Freedom, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

    Lesley Phillips. Attorney, Cambridge, Massachusetts

    John L. Philp. MD, MPH, Stockton, California

    Paul Philpott. M.Sc., Editor, Reappraising Aids

    Philippe Pien. PhD, Natural Medicine Specialist, Le Change, France

    David Pierotti. PhD, Environmental Chemist, Albuquerque, New Mexico

    Mark Pierpont. Hiv/Aids Prevention Program Coordinator, Manatee County Health Department, Florida (resigned in protest when he realized that Hiv-Aids was a fraud)

    Clare Pierson. MA, Dip Ed Psych., Registered Psychologist, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Nick Pietrowicz. Attorney, Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania

    Kriben Pillay. PhD, University of Durban-Westville, South Africa

    Rachael Pirner. Attorney, Wichita, Kansas

    Richard L. Pitter. PhD, Desert Research Inst., Univ. Nevada System, Reno, Nevada

    H�ctor G. Plascencia-Gonz�lez. M.Sc., Taxonomy and Ecology; Assoc. Investigator, Laboratorio de Ictiolog�a y Biodiversidad, CIAD-Unidad Mazatl�n, Mexico

    Guillem Plasencia. PhD, Biochemistry, University of Barcelona, Spain

    Errol Platt. M.Sc., Toronto, Canada

    Ana Maria Plaza Garcia. PhD, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inova��o, Portugal

    Denise C. Plouviez. Registered Nurse, Milton, Florida

    Peter W. Plumley. FSA, Chicago, Illinois

    Mark Plunkett. MD, Los Angeles, California

    Jason Pociask. MCD ITS, Tempe, Arizona

    Gilles Pokam. PhD, Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst�mes Al�atoires, Rennes, France

    Richard Pokorny. Student of Oriental Medicine, Pacific Institute of Oriental Medicine

    Dag Viljen Poleszynski. PhD, Professor in Nutrition and Orthomolecular Medicine, Harstad College, Norway

    Michael Pollex. Doctoral candidate in sociology, University of British Columbia

    Nancy Polonitza. Psychotherapist, Ocean County College, Toms River, New Jersey

    Victor Pond. Project Director, MOCHA Coalition (Men Of Color Committed to Healthier Alternatives), Chicago Department of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois

    Jose F. Poole. MD, Ophthalmolgist, Member, British Medical Council, San Bartolome De Lanzarote, Spain

    Anca Pop. PhD, Biochemistry, University of Bucharest, Romania. Biochemist, British Columbia, Canada.

    Nicoliene Potgieter. Dipl. Hom�opathin, Lecturer, SHI Homeopathy School, Basel, Switzerland

    Robert Poth. Journalist, Vienna, Austria

    Pierre Ferdinand Poudeu. PhD, Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universit�t Dresden, Germany

    David Pouh�. PhD, Researcher, Technische Universit�t Berlin, Germany

    Kenneth Power. MD, Board Certified Family Practice, Frankfort, Indiana

    Alessandro Pozzetti. Playwright and author, Milano, Italy. Co-author of the play and book, Virus: L’invenzione della Realt�

    Dr. Mario Camacho Prada. Governor of the State of Santander, Columbia

    Ligia Prado. Biology teacher, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Federico Prat. PhD, Universidad Polit�cnica de Valencia, Spain

    Tyas Pribadi. M.Sc., Biology, Lecturer at State University of Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia

    Ronald F. Price. PhD, La Trobe Univ., Bundoora, Victoria, Australia

    Andrea Price. Founder and President, Public Access Indiana

    Ritu Priya. MD, epidemiologist and professor at the Centre for Social Medicine and Community Health of the Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, India [Says Hiv tests kill people and Aids patients recover with holistic treatment]

    Matthew Probert. Author, Handbook of Natural Language Processing and Conversational Computing and The Probert Encyclopedia

    R.B. Prophet. PhD, Head of Dept. of Mathematics and Science Education, University of Botswana

    Mary Prunchak. Principal, Advanced Educational Consulting; Holistic Health Care Writer for America Online. Alexandria, Virginia

    Bumroong Puangkird. Postgrad. Student, Scientific & High Performance Computation Research Group, University of Wales, UK

    Carlos Fils Puig. Chemical Dependency Counselor, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Richard Puntis. M.Sc., Toronto, Canada, Gov�t Appointee to the Council of Professional Geoscientists of Ontario

    Gianna Putzu. Attorney, Milan, Italy

    Abdul Qadir. Acting Chief (Environment Unit), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Islamabad, Pakistan

    Mzukisi Qobo. PhD Candidate, Pretoria, South Africa

    V. Quagliarello. proposed sperm exposure as a possible cause of AIDS in 1982 (rectally-deposited sperm has been found to be immunosuppressive in rabbits)

    Yokow Quansah. MTM (Masters In Technology Management), Cape Town, South Africa

    George Quasha. Writer/Editor. Author of Somapoetics, Giving the Lily Back Her Hands, Ainu Dreams and other books. Has taught at SUNY Stony Brook, NYU, The New School for Social Research and Bard College

    Dr. Pierre Quellere. Berlin, Germany

    Mario Luiz Pestana Quilici. MD, Psychoanalyst, S�o Paulo, Brazil

    Heberto Qui�ones Serna. Attorney, Juarez, Mexico

    Norberto Quintanar. Chicago, Illinois, Biochemist, Chemistry Lab Manager

    Stephen Quinto. President, Natural Immunogenics Corp., Miami, Florida

    Jose A. Quiroz. Research Associate, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California

    Otto Raabe. PhD, Professor and Director, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of California, Davis

    Alberto Rabelo Correa. Professor, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Dr. Paul Rabinow. PhD, Professor of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, author most recently of Making PCR: A Story of Biotechnology

    Dorota Raciborska. PhD Physiology, University of Toronto, Health Consultant, Inter-American Development Bank

    Marc Rackelmann. Dipl.-pol., Heilpraktiker f�r Psychotherapie, Berlin, Germany

    Regina Radach. Heilpraktikerin, Hamburg, Germany

    PP Raghavan. MD, Kannur, India

    Francoise Railhet. Manager, LLL France Medical Associates Program, Neuilly Sur Marne, France

    Barbara J. Raisbeck. PhD, Holistic Nutrition, Director, Alive&Well, Eugene, Oregon

    Herminia Ramirez-D�az. BCL, Metropolitan Blood Bank, Ramon Gonzalez Valencia University Hospital, Bucaramanga, Colombia

    Felip Ramis. MD, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    Taoufik Ramla. MD, Facult� de M�decine de Marrakech, Morocco

    James Randall. M.S. student Biology, Chicago, Illinois

    Pavle Randjelovic. Medical Student, Nis, Serbia

    Rafael Rangel-Aldao. PhD, Professor and Director, Center for Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Studies, Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela; Director of Research and Innovation, Empresas Polar, Venezuela

    Steven Ransom. Co-author, World Without Aids and author of many other books about scientific/medical corruption

    Spiros Rantos. Lecturer, University of Queensland, Australia

    Jon Rappoport. Investigative reporter, author, AIDS, Inc. The Scandal of the Century

    Carolyn Rasche. PhD, Psychotherapist, Atlanta, Georgia

    David Rasnick. PhD, Biochemist, Protease Inhibitor Developer, University of California

    Molly Ratcliffe. science writer, London, UK

    Matthias Rath. MD, Director, Dr. Rath Health Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands [Says Aids can be controlled with Vitamin C and other natural therapies]

    Dennis D. Rathman. Research Affiliate, Lincoln Laboratory, MIT

    Richard A. Ratner. MD, Bethesda, Maryland

    Patrick Rattigan. ND, Chesterfield, England

    Frans Rautenbach. Attorney, Director, Labour Liberation Institute, Cape Town, South Africa. Author of Set The Workers Free, Labour Litigation and Liberating South African Labour from the Law

    Andres Rhudy B. Ravelo Jr.. MSW, Board Member, Philippines Social Worker Professional Regulation Commission. Quezon City, Philippines

    Francis Raymond. MSc, M.I.T., Chairman and CEO, Beyond Health Corp., author of the book, Never Be Sick Again

    Bryn Read. Nursing student, Sunbury, Ohio

    Dr. Leo Rebello. PhD, D.Sc., N.D., President of AIDS Alternativa International, Bombay, India

    Rogers Reddings. PhD, Univ. North Texas, Denton, Texas

    Sasidhar M Reddy. Post Graduate in Virology, SV University, Tirupathi, India

    Manuel Redon. MD, Psychotherapist, Barcelona, Spain

    Karen Reedstrom. Editor, Full Context Magazine

    Anthony Rees. Naturopathic Physician, Director, International College of Phytotherapy, Durban Kwazulu - Natal, South Africa

    Christopher James Regan. J.D., South Bend, Indiana

    Nicholas Regush. Medical Science Reporter, Former Science Producer, ABC News with Peter Jennings, Editor, Red Flags Daily

    Leanne Reid. Registered Nurse, Nutritionist, London, UK

    Christian Reig. Hospital Nurse, Thuir, France

    Robert Reis. M.A., Linguist, Chicago, Illinois

    L�on Renard. Psychotherapist, lecturer and writer. Author, Le cancer apprivois� (”Tamed Cancer”) and La m�decine de l��me du Dr Edward Bach. Noville-les-bois, Belgium

    Panighetti Renzo. PhD, Nutrition, Biasca, Switzerland

    Carlos Repetto. PhD, Psychologist. President, Centro de Investigaciones de Medios y Semiolog�a de la Vida Cotidiana. Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Stephen J. Repitor. DPM, Oak Park, Michigan

    Christoph Resch. University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria

    Katalin Reszegi. Microbiologist, Carlsbad, California

    Claudia J.G. Rey. RN, Bucaramanga, Colombia

    Alvin Reyes. MD, Manila, Philippines

    Carmen Ribes. MD, Gastroenterologist, Valencia, Spain

    Marinella Ribolzi. Health Consultant, Dept. of Health, Ticino, Switzerland; Editorial Asst., Annals of Oncology

    Tarik Ricard. Former LVN-OR-Surg. Tech., ICU Tech. Wellness Promotor/Activist, Santa Monica, California

    Louis Ricci. PhD, Adj. Professor of Clinical Psychology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Rodney Richards. PhD, Biochemist, Founding scientist for the biotech company Amgen. Collaborated with Abbott Laboratories in developing some of the first HIV tests

    Artenio Olivio Richter. MD, Campo Grande, Brazil

    Hildegard B. Richter. Director, Associa��o Brasiliera de Technologia Alternative na Promo��o da Sa�de, S�o Paulo, Brazil; Author, AIDS: Inven��o de uma nova doen�a?

    Artenio Olivio Richter. Naturopathic doctor, Campo Grande, Brazil

    Judith Riesman. PhD, Author, Arlington, Virginia

    Louis A. Rigali. Editor, The Vortex, the monthly publication of the California Section of the American Chemical Society

    Marco Rigo. MD, Surgeon, Borgo Valsugana, Italy

    Michael Ristow. PhD, Bochum, Germany

    Henner Ritter. MD, Psychotherapist; Director, PADMA Institut f�r Holistisches Heilen und Wachsen, Stuttgart, Germany

    Nestor Rivero. Chemist, Environmental Specialist, Santa Clara, Cuba

    U Rizwan. PhD, Karachi, Pakistan

    Mel T. Roach. Avatar Research, Tuscon, Arizona

    John Robbins. Author, Diet for a New America and Reclaiming Our Health

    JH Robbins. M.Ed, Austin, Texas

    Allen Roberds. Doctor of Chiropractic, Fayetteville Arkansas

    Janine Roberts. M.A., Medical Writer and Film Maker, Bristol, UK. Her films on human rights issues have been seen on BBC and other networks worldwide and won various film festival awards

    John Roberts. PhD, Research Associate in Physics, University of Utah

    Waddell Robey. MS, Health Sciences Administration, Managing Director, LifeNet21, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

    Peter Robinson. PhD, Mathematics Air Force Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio

    Raj Roche. M.A., Tamilnadu Tribal Think Tank, Tamilnadu, India

    Pedro R�denas. MD, founder of Integral, Natura Medicatrix magazines and the Center for Integrative Medicine of Barcelona

    Gisela R�dl-Linder. Naturopathic Doctor, Berlin, Germany

    Joe Rodrigue. PhD, Computer Engineer, Yale University, New Haven

    Richard D. Rodriguez. M.A., Sociology, Miami, Florida

    Diego A. Rodriguez. MD, Urologist, Ciudad Real, Spain

    Noe Rodriguez. Chemical Engineer, Lima, Peru

    Rafael D. Rodr�guez. PhD, Biochemical Engineer & Biophysicist, Mexico City

    Dr. Peter Roemer. Augsburg, Germany

    Annette Rohde. HP, Psychotherapist, Essen, Germany

    Douglas Roise. MD, St. Joseph�s Hospital, Dickenson, North Dakota

    Arcadio Rojo. PhD, Anthropologist, Barcelona, Spain

    Steven Roman. PhD, San Diego, California

    Robert Root-Bernstein. PhD, Professor of Physiology, Michigan State University

    John Rosa. Electrical Engineer, Seattle, Washington

    T.O. Rosales. MD, FRCPC, Pediatrician/Geneticist, St. John�s, Newfoundland, Canada

    Michelle Rosalia. R.N., Coraopolis, Pennsylvania

    Patti R. Rose. MPH, Ed.D; Associate Professor of Public Health, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida

    Gary A. Rose, Sr.. J.D., Clallam Bay, Washington

    Jodie Rosello. Law Student, Northwestern University

    Philip Rosen. PhD Prof. Physics, Univ. Mass. Amherst, Massachusetts

    Elio Rossi. MD, Clinical Pathologist, Director, LAB IGEA, Roma, Italy

    Luca Rossi. Journalist, Milano, Italy. Author, Sex Virus

    John Rossi III. PhD, Toxicologist, Naval Medical Research Institute; Adjunct Asst. Prof. of Pharmacology/ Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio

    Richard B. Rothenberg. MD, MPH, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia [Says Hiv is not transmitted by penile-vaginal sex]

    Frank Rothschild. Project Dir., Berkeley Project on Bioscience & Society, California

    Jean-Claude Roussez. Science Journalist, France, Author, SIDA: supercherie scientifique et arnaque humanitaire (AIDS: scientific hoax and humanitarian rip-off) (2004)

    Montserrat Rovira. MD, PhD, Barcelona, Spain

    J. Spencer Rowe. M.A., Social Worker, Writer, Victoria, BC, Canada

    Shubhojit Roy. MD, Santiniketan, India

    Samar Roy. Director, Bangladesh Centre for Development, Journalism and Communication, Dhaka

    Jeffrey Royal. M.S. Biomedical Engineering, San Francisco, California

    Kino S. Ruben. MD, Dept. of Health, Chuuk State, Federated States Of Micronesia

    Harry Rubin. DVM, Professor of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley

    Anita Rubin-meiller. MSW, Psychotherapist, Ann Arbor, Michigan

    Helmar Rudolph. Managing Editor, Marketing Competence Magazine, Cape Town, South Africa

    Juan David Rueda Ram�rez. M.Sc., Instructor, University of Antioquia, Medell�n, Colombia

    Violette Ruffley. R.N., C.H., Certified Hypnotherapist, Franklin, North Carolina

    Denis Rugege. MSc, Ecological Surveyor, Pitermaritzburg, South Africa

    John Ruhland. N.D, Seattle

    Alex Russell. MA, Journalist, Assistant Editor, Continuum Magazine

    Mugizi Rwebangira. PhD Student, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

    Mark Ryland. JD, Director, The Discovery Institute, Washington DC; Senior Fellow of its Center for Science and Culture

    Dr. Ahmed Saad. Los Angeles, California

    Aapo S��sk. M.Sc., M.A., MBA, Developer of water purification technology, Consultant on Third World Development to World Bank, WTO, FAO. Stockholm, Sweden

    Brooke Saathoff. MS Psychology, Parsons, Kansas

    Marco Saba. Science Investigator, Ethical Environmental Observatory, Milano, Italy

    Renato Sabelli. Biochemist, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

    Juliane Sacher. MD, Frankfurt, Germany

    Kevin Sahr. M.Sc., Asst. Professor, Computer Science, Southern Oregon University, Ashland

    Shawque Said. Research Director, BeverAsia, Singapore

    Ernest Saila. Chief Community Liaison Officer for Care, Counselling & Support, Hiv-Aids and STD Directorate, Department of Health, South Africa

    Balwant Saini. PhD, Emeritus Professor and former head of the Dept. of Architecture, University of Queensland, Australia. Consultant to the UN, Asian Development Bank and Australian Government. Author of several university textbooks

    Henri-Claude Saint-Fleur. Clinical Psychologist, D.E.S.S. (University of Lille, France), North Miami Beach, Florida

    Chris Sakellariou. PhD, Singapore

    Chris N. Sakellariou. Assoc. Professor, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

    Iv�n Salas Vergara. MD, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell�n, Colombia

    Abdul Salau. Faculty, African-American Studies, Temple University, Philadelphia

    Saleban Saleban. MD, MSc, Infectious diseases and tropical medicine. Medical coordinator of HIV/AIDS prevention and care in Rakai District, Uganda

    David F. Salehi. PhD, Lake Dallas, Texas

    Jose Maria Salinas. Computer Engineer, Dept. of Computer Science and Artificial intelligence, Universidad de Alicante, Spain

    Tripen Salopal. MD, Pathology-Director, local blood bank, Delhi, India

    Asha A. Samad. Medical Anthropologist, City University of New York, Director, Human Rights Center, Former Director, Women�s Studies Program, Professor of Africana Studies, City College, NY

    Lin Sampson. Journalist, Sunday Times, Cape Town, South Africa

    Via San Giovanni III. Messina, Italy, Mathematics and Physics teacher

    Adda Sanchez. MD and homeopathic doctor in Guadalajara, M�xico

    Gerardo Sanchez. PhD, Nutritionist, Miami, Florida; Author, VIH/SIDA, Una Gran Mentira (HIV/AIDS, a Great Lie); President, USAS, Union por Soluciones Alternativas para el SIDA (Organization for Alternative Solutions for AIDS) and Director of www.sidainformatica.org

    Scott Sandland. C.Ht, Certified Medical Hypnotherapist, Newport Beach, California

    Cristobal A.P. Sandoval. MD, Cuba

    Heinz Ludwig S�nger. PhD, Emeritus Professor of Molecular Biology and Virology and a former director of the Department of Viroid Research, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Germany; Recipient of the international Robert Koch award for medical research, 1978

    Leonida Santamaria. MD, Pathologist, University of Pavia, Italy, co-author, Nutrients in Cancer Prevention and Treatment

    Franco Santi Ranieri. Terapeuta, Consulente, Ricercatore, AIDAS-Associazione Informazione Difesa Assistenza Salute, Lucca, Italy

    Daniele Santini. MD, Cancer Researcher, Rome, Italy

    Alex Santoro. M.A., Kansas City, Missouri

    George Sarant. MD, Bronx, New York

    Sascha Sarnoff. Co-founder and President, Health Advocacy in the Public Interest, Santa Barbara, California

    Vinod Sasidharan. PhD, Assistant Professor, San Diego State University, California

    Guido Sassi. Asst. Professor of Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy

    Massimiliano Sassoli de’ Bianchi. PhD, Theoretical Physicist, Institut de Physique Th�orique, Ecole Polytechnique F�d�rale de Lausanne, Switzerland

    Masahiko Satou. Medical Science Journalist, Sapporo, Japan

    Stephan Sauer. Researcher, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, London UK

    Irina M. Sazonova. MD, Moscow, Russia. Co-Author, Rezonansnyi test: Vozmozhnosti diagnostiki i terapii, (Resonance test. Possibilities of diagnostics and therapy) and Aids. Sentence abolished, Rossiiskii universitet druzhby narodov

    Edward Scanlon. PhD, Assistant Professor, University of Kansas, Lawrence

    Kathy Scarborough. President, Vaccination Information South Australia; Author, Investigate Before You Vaccinate. A guide for parents

    Beatrice Scarlata. M.A., LPC, Mental Health Counselor, Brentwood, Tennessee

    Adam Scavone. Grad. Student in Public Health, Columbia University, New York

    Dr. Gero Sch�fer. Darmstadt, Germany

    Christian Tal Schaller. MD, Director, Institut de Sant� Globale (Institute of Total Health), Taulignan, France; Author, SIDA Espoir (AIDS Hope)

    Liam Scheff. Journalist

    Adam Schiavi. PhD Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MD, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

    Nicola Schiavone. PhD, Researcher, Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy

    Alke Schlottag. DDS, Berlin, Germany

    Casper Schmidt. MD, New York

    Dr. Eberhard Schmidt. Bamberg, Germany

    Dr. Heinz Dieter Schneider. Moeglingen, Germany

    Russell Schoch. Editor, California Monthly, Berkeley, California

    Robert Scholl. CEO and President, Children�s Wilderness Fund, Tarpon Springs, Florida

    Katinka Schr�der. Journalist and author, Dortmund, Germany

    David R. Schryer. PhD, Hampton, Virginia

    Dr. Ute Schumann. Health consultant to the European Union

    Jon Schwabach. PhD, Psychotherapist, Vancouver, Canada

    Jody R. Schwartz. PhD, Genome Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California

    James Schwenk. Electrical Engineer, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

    Donald Schwoerer. M.A., School Psychologist, Hyde Park

    Frederic I. Scott. Jr., Editor, American Clinical Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland

    Timothy Scott. CSW, New York, NY

    David Scott. PhD, San Francisco, CA

    David Scott. Attorney, Miami, Florida

    David Scott. JD, Miami, Florida

    Robin Scovill. Director of La Vergine Degli Angeli, The Other Side of AIDS and other films. Los Angeles

    Bibiana Nalwiindi Seaborn. Women�s Health Interaction and Inter Pares, Ottawa, Canada. Co-author, Uncommon Questions: A Feminist Exploration of AIDS

    Karen Seabrooke. Writer, Inter Pares, the Canadian Social Justice Organization; Member, Canadian National Advisory Council; co-author, Uncommon Questions: A Feminist Exploration of AIDS

    Joanne Searle. Psychotherapist, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Antigona Segura. PhD, Post-Doctoral Researcher in Astrobiology, Penn State University

    Carlos Haubi Segura. PhD, DVM, Veterinarian, Animal Nutritionist, Mexico City

    C. Grier Sellers. M.S. Biology, Seattle, Washington

    Jeremy Selvey. Hypnotherapist, Director, Project AIDS International, Los Angeles

    Alexandre Semionov. MD, Medical Geneticist, Montreal, Canada

    Eugene Semon. BChE, PE, Chemical Engineer, Englewood, NJ

    Bhavana Sen. MBBS, D.O, DNB Ophthalmologist, Mumbai, India

    Fikeni E.M.K. Senkoro. Associate Professor, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Senior Fellow, Rockefeller African Humanities Institute, Fellow, W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for Afro-American Research, Harvard University

    D’jahma Sentwali. Poet, novelist, New York City

    Zachary Senwo. PhD, Associate Professor of Environmental BioScience and Toxicology, Alabama A&M University

    Valter Sergo. Professor, Materials Engineering and Applied Chemistry Dept., University of Trieste, Italy

    Alessandro Sermoneta. Screenwriter, Rome, Italy

    Francis Serrano. MD, Manila, Philippines

    Lesiba Job Seshoka. International Relations Officer, Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa (DENOSA)

    Siegbert Setsevits. Attorney, Berlin, Germany

    Serdal Sevinc. PhD, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada

    Abdulalim A. Shabazz. M.Sc, M.I.T., PhD, Cornell Univ.; Distinguished Prof. of Mathematics, Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. Former chair, Mathematics Dept., Atlanta Univ.; American Assn. for the Advancement of Science “Mentor Award” (1992); National Assn. Of Mathematicians Distinguished Service Award; 1995 recipient of the QEM/MSE “Giants in Science” Award

    Muslim Shahid. Inorganic chemist, research and development scientist, inventor, Houston, Texas

    Inbar Shai. PhD, Brookline, Massachusetts

    Frank Shallenberger. MD, former professor, University of California School of Medicine at Davis and John F. Kennedy University in Orinda, California; Secretary, Orthomolecular Medical Society; Medical Board of Directors, Huxley Institute for Biosocial Research; Founding Director of the International Bio-Oxidative Medicine Foundation

    Amir Shariff. MD, Chicago, Illinois

    Mohammad Mehdi Sharifi. ND, MSc, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Doctor of Naturopathy, Master of Holistic Applied Nutrition

    Ramesh Sharma. Gandhi Peace Foundation, India [Says the entire Aids campaign in India is profit-driven]

    Marla Shauer. Nurse, Washington, DC

    Valerie Sheehan. MSW, certified psychotherapist and hypnotherapist, New York

    Jack Sheehy. Nutritionist, Sunshine Coast, Australia

    Sevl Sheldon. Psychiatrist, Pennsylvania

    Michelle Sheldrake. M.Sc., PhD Candidate Medical Anthropology, Health Researcher, Brisbane, Australia

    Joan Shenton. M.A., Meditel Productions, England. Medical journalist and producer of over 100 TV documentaries which won her company seven international awards as well as the British Royal Television Society Award and the British Medical Association Award

    James T. Shepherd. MD, Port Arthur, Texas

    David Sherwood. PhD, Psychotherapist, Poughkeepsie, New York

    Vasant V. Shevale. DDS, Mumbai, India

    John G. Shiber. PhD, University of Kentucky, Prestonberg, Kentucky

    Alden Shiers. PhD, Professor of Economics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

    Nagesh Shirgoppikar. MD., AIDS specialist, Salvation Army Clinic, Mumbai, India [Says Hiv+ patients, if treated holistically, remain in perfect health without Aids drugs]

    Joshua Shome. L.Ac, MSTOM, Acupuncturist, Oriental Medicine Practitioner, New York City

    Ivy Shoots. PhD student, Miskatonic University, Massachusetts; Fulbright Scholar

    James H. Shott. M.Ed, Bluefield, Virginia, Editorial Writer

    Eric Shragge . PhD, Professor of Social Work, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Author, Community Economic Development: In Search of Empowerment and other books

    David Shugar. PhD, Prof. Biophysics, Univ. Warsaw, Editor, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Poland

    Mark Shulgasser. Playwright, Author, New York

    Severin Sibailly. MD, physician, Abidjan, Cote d�Ivoire [Says many Hiv-negative women in Africa have Aids]

    Yannis Sideris. Professor of Social Sciences, Merchant Marine Academy, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Irving P. Silberman. O.D., Hyde Park, New York

    Nick Silikas. DDS, Research Associate, University of Manchester Dental School, UK

    Fernando Silva. MD, Gynecologist, Madrid, Spain

    Ernest G. Silver. PhD, Radiation Biologist, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

    Thula Simpson. Postgraduate research student, University of London, UK

    Beldeu Singh. M.Sc., Malaysia

    Henri Sirio. Physiotherapist, osteopathy student, Saint Louis, France

    Linda Sisson. RN, Director Support Coalition Northwest, Eugene, Oregon

    Roy Skidmore. D.C., Chiropractor, San Jose, California

    Roy Skodnick. Writer, art historian, New York City

    Cynthia Skovgard. Doctor of Chiropractic, San Marcos, California

    Steve Slaton. Fort Collins, Colorado, former PhD candidate in Immunology

    Michael Sleet. MD, Brighton, Massachusetts

    Jason Slot. Biochemistry Research Technician, Boston, Massachusetts

    April Smith. Medical Student, Oklahoma City

    Casey Marie Smith. Licensed Acupuncturist and Certified Doula, Topanga, California

    Lyle J. Smith. M.S. Ag Econ Univ. Calif. Davis; Biology Student; San Jose, California

    Marcia Smith. ND, PhD, Nutrition, Fairfax, California

    Tony Smith. CAGS, New York, NY

    Sunyata Smith. Grad. Student in molecular biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York

    Stacie Smith. M.A., L.P.C., Psychotherapist, Atlanta, Georgia

    James P. Snyder. PhD, Glenview, Illinois

    David Sobers. PhD, Albuquerque, New Mexico

    Michal Sobkowski. PhD, Chemistry, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences

    Wilmer Soler Terranova. MD, M.Sc., Profesor, Departamento de Fisiolog�a y Bioqu�mica, Facultad de medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell�n, Colombia

    Mavo Solomon. M.Sc., Energy Analyst, Eskom Megawatt Park, Cape Town, South Africa

    Eddie Solorzano. Hiv counselor, Pasadena, California Health Department, HIV Prevention Education Program

    Xin Song. Computer Scientist, Universit�t Trier, Germany

    Joseph Sonnabend. MD, New York, founder of the American Foundation for AIDS Research (AmFAR) [Says Aids is multifactorial, AZT is �a disaster� and that heterosexual transmission is �a hoax.�]

    Carlos Sonnenschein. MD, Professor, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts

    David M. Sonntag. PhD, MSPH, Environmental Toxicologist, Cincinnati, Ohio

    Faith Sood. ex-chairman, Poona District Indian Red Cross Blood Bank (First in India to test blood for particles associated with hepatitis and AIDS), Pune, Maharashtra, India

    Christian Sorflaten. Electrical Engineer, Fairfield, Connecticut

    Manuel Garrido Sotelo. MD, Cangas Pontevedra, Spain

    David Sotnik. Documentary Film Maker, New York City

    Leon Southgate. Registered Nurse, London, England

    Bruno Spagnoli. PhD candidate, Institut de Mecanique des Fluides, Toulouse, France

    Anne H. Spencer. PhD, Founder and Director, International Medical and Dental Hypnotherapy Assoc. and Infinity International Institute of Hypnotherapy, Royal Oak, Michigan

    Marie Madeleine Spencer. PhD, Post-doctoral Research Associate in Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee

    Jean Pierre Spinosa. MD, Gynecologist, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Susie Spivey-Tilson. M.Sc., Decatur, Georgia

    Maria Spizzica. Grad. Student in Mental Health, Monash University College of Medicine. Melbourne, Australia

    Dr. Heinz Spranger. PhD, DDM. German Nosologist and Semiotist, and Practitioner in Periodontology and Oral Medicine. Former founder and Dean of the Faculty of Oral Medicine at the University Witten/Herdecke, former head of the Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main. Recipient of the German Ribbon of the Order of the Distinguished Service Cross for his humanitarian scientific efforts

    Charles Ssali. MD, Ugandan physician and researcher in both western and traditional herbal medicines; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in London

    John St. John. D.C., Chiropractor, Chagrin Falls, Ohio

    Peter Staheli. Engineer, Currumbin, Australia

    Kurt Stampfli. MD, Study Group on Nutrition and Immunity, Bern, Switzerland

    Udo Stanglmeier. Bonn, Germany. Author, Myrobalan, The Elixir of life: A Life-prolonging Fruit of the Himalayas

    Mark S. Stanley. PhD, Dept. Biol. Sciences, Univ. North Texas, Denton, Texas

    Rita Stanley. PhD, Director, Northwest Lyme Disease Support Network, Portland, Oregon

    Audrey Stanton. Medical Student, Oklahoma State University

    Phillip Staple. DDS, Dental Surgeon, Kingston, Jamaica

    Marcelle Stastny. MD, Psychiatrist, Cape Town, South Africa

    Gunther Staudinger. Engineering Physicist, Freiburg, Germany

    David Steele. Attorney, San Francisco, California

    Charles Stein. PhD, Instructor, Bard College, New York. Author, Secret of The Black Chrysanthemum and other books. Editor: Being = Space x Action: Searches for Freedom of Mind in mathematics, Art and Mysticism

    Ralph R. Stephens. LMT, NCTMB, Certified Sports Massage Therapist, Certified Neuromuscular Therapist, Author, Cedar Rapids, Iowa

    Randall L. Stephenson. Dept. of Philosophy, University of Toronto

    Wendell Stephenson. PhD, Philosophy, Fresno City College, California

    Kim Stephenson. Writer, Portland, Oregon

    Henry Stephenson. D.C., Naturopathic Physician, Yelm, Washington

    Alejandro Ortiz Stern. Medical Student, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico

    Rachel Stern. MPP, Masters in Public Policy, Tujunga, California

    Erin Steuter. PhD, Assoc. Professor, Mount Allison University, New Brunswick, Canada

    Gordon Stewart. MD, Emeritus Professor of Public Health, University of Glasgow. Former Consultant Physician (Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine) to National Health Service (UK) and WHO

    John Stewart. Film Director of The Asylum and other films, London, UK

    Roberto P. Stock. PhD, Research Scientist, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico

    Cheryl Stoeber. MFT, RN, BCETS, Licensed Psychotherapist, Westlake Village, California

    Jennifer Stonier. Women�s Health Interaction, Quebec, Canada. Certifie Numavik. Co-author, Uncommon Questions: An Alternative Feminist Exploration of AIDS

    Frank Stoppenbach. M.A., Mathematics, Columbia University

    Philip Stowell. MB, BS, F.A.C.N.E.M., Physician, Brisbane, Australia

    Howard Straus. Founder, Cancer Research Wellness Network; Author, Dr. Max Gerson: Healing the Hopeless. Carmel, California

    John Strausbaugh. Journalist, former editor, The New York Press

    James Strohecker. Executive Editor, Alternative Medicine: The Definitive Guide, author of many books on health and co-author of You Don’t Have to Die: Unraveling the AIDS Myth

    Richard Strohman. PhD, Professor Emeritus of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley; former Director of the Health and Medical Sciences Program at UC Berkeley

    Remo Strotkamp. Grad., Princeton University, Researcher, C&C Research Laboratories, Princeton, New Jersey

    Eric Strzepek. Research Assistant, Environmental Issues, Competitive Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC

    Harry Stulemeijer. Pharmacist, Schagen, Netherlands

    Maria Grainne Beatrix Stumpfl. Engineer, Paris, France

    Elsa Suarez. PhD, Bucaramanga, Colombia

    Juan Carlos Su�rez Bermejo. PhD, Professor of Engineering, Universidad Polit�cnica de Madrid, Spain

    David Subik. Sociologist, Brno, Czech Republic

    Michael B. Sullivan. Graduate student in Psychology at Mississippi State University

    Jeff Sullivan. MSW, Albany, New York

    Peter J. Sullivan. M.A., New Milford, New Jersey

    Richard Sunder. Psychotherapist, VP, Association Fran�aise de Pans�miotique, Paris, France

    Kathryn Suslov. Medical and MPH student, Columbia University, Drexel University

    Mattias Svensson. PhD candidate, Biotechnology, University of Lund, Sweden

    Melvyn Sydney-Smith. MB BS, PhD. Adjunct Assoc. Professor, School of Health, University of New England; Director, Australian College of Holistic Medicine, Brisbane

    Jean Symes. Institutional Program Coordinator, Inter Pares, the Canadian Social Justice Organization, Ottawa

    John Szczubelek. JD, Assistant Attorney General, State of Michigan

    Slawomir Szymanski. PhD and D.Sc. in Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

    Utis Taechaprut. PhD Student, Kings College, London, UK

    Edward Tagoe. MD, Heidelberg, Germany

    Djamel Tahi. Science Journalist, France

    Julie Talavera. Medical Student, Tulane University. Recipient of the Francis M. Taylor award for Chemical Engineering

    Walter Tarello. Veterinary Surgeon, Perugia, Italy

    Carl Taylor. PhD, Professor and Director of Youth Development, Michigan State University Institute for Children, Youth and Families

    Dr. Anne Taylor. PhD, Aberdeen, Scotland. Former postdoctoral research fellow in physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology at Penn State University, Edinburgh University and Aberdeen University

    Djeukam Tchameni. MBA, Computer Scientist, Chairman, Free Cameroon Movement, 2004 Cameroon Presidential Candidate

    Charles Blaise Tchapdeu. M.Sc., Berlin, Germany

    Abdoullah Bertrand Tchouangeup. Dipl.- Engineering, Naval Architect, Member, Royal Institution of Naval Architects. Emden, Germany

    Elisabeth Tejerina. MD, Barcelona, Spain

    William F. Tell. Senior Analyst, Health Care Advisory Board, Washington, DC

    Nemen M. Terc. Nuclear Physicist, Hallandale, Florida

    Silvio Terra. M.Sc. Student, Oregon State University

    Michael Theroux. Director, Borderland Scientific Research Foundation

    Dion Thevarge. Registered Nurse, North Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Ralf Thomaier. Engineer, Frankfurt, Germany

    Charles Thomas. PhD, former Professor of Biochemistry, Harvard and Johns Hopkins Universities. Former chair of the Cell Biology Department, Scripps Research Institute

    Joe Thomas. PhD, ICMR-WHO Proj. on AIDS, Calcutta, India

    Charles B. Thomas. PhD, Chair, Dept. of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice, University of Michigan at Flint

    Stuart A. Thomson. Director, Gaia Research Institute, Knysna, South Africa

    Sherry Thorup. M.Sc., Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida

    Rawson M. Thurber. MFA, Movie Director, Los Angeles, California

    Michael Tierra. Acupuncturist, herbalist, author, Santa Cruz, California

    Omkar Tilak. Homeopathic Doctor, Pune, India

    Muriel Tillinghast. Executive Director of Head Start, long-time civil rights activist, and 1996 US Vice Presidential candidate of the Green Party

    Alan Tillotson. PhD, Author, Director Chrysalis Natural Medicine, Wilmington, Delaware

    John Tindall. MCSP BAc MBAcC, Physiotherapist, Acupuncturist, Chinese Herbalist, London, UK. Previously an Aids specialist with Britain’s NHS. Co-author, Acupressure for Common Ailments

    Apolinar Tiongson. MD, Pathologist, San Jose, California

    Wilhelm Tischler. MD, Bad Hall, Austria

    John Tatini Titantah. PhD, Physicist, L’Universit� Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

    Frederick Tobin. PhD, Gorke, Australia

    Dominique Tobler. PhD Student, Geochemistry, Bern, Switzerland

    Iv�n Tob�n Restrepo. MD, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell�n, Colombia

    Peter G. Tocci. MT, Holistic wellness consultant and health writer, Leominster, Massachusetts

    Kathleen Tolliver. RN, New Haven, Connecticut

    Marcio Murilo Tomasoni. Pharmacist and Biochemist, Florianopolis, Brazil

    Eriberto Tontodonati. Astronomer, Ragusa, Italy

    Sharon E. Toole. Certified Psychotherapist, Toronto, Canada

    James Tooley. PhD, Professor of Education Policy, University of Newcastle, UK. Consultant to the UN, World Bank, UK Government; Director of the Education Program at the Institute of Economic Affairs; Author of many books including Reclaiming Education and co-author of HIV and Aids in Schools: The Political Economy of Pressure Groups and Miseducation

    Denijal Topcic. PhD Student, University of Melbourne, Australia

    Gustavo Torres. Dental Surgeon, File, Peru

    Nicola Tosi. Professor of Geophysics, Milan University, Italy

    Obediah Totimeh. Nurse, Coon Rapids, Minnesota

    John R. Totter. PhD, Director, Atomic Energy Commission Division of Biology and Medicine (1967-72); Former Associate Director of Biomedical and Environmental Science at Oak Ridge National Laboratory; former Professor of Chemistry and Chairman of the Division of Biological Science at the University of Georgia

    Michael Tracey. PhD, Director, Centre for Mass Media Research, University of Colorado at Boulder

    Bernard Trink. Journalist, Author and Columnist, Bangkok Post

    George B. Trinkaus. Author, How the [SF] Chronicle Invented Aids.

    La Trombetta. Burzynski Research Inst., Houston, Texas

    Dawn Trook. MFA, Author, Instructor, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, Texas

    Gene Trosper. Quality Assurance specialist for a major medical device manufacturing company. Also chairman of the Riverside County (California) Libertarian Party

    Dick Trostler. Engineer, Claremont, California [ ]

    Adam B. Troy. PhD candidate, Clinical Psychology, University of Miami, Florida

    Ray Trujillo. DDS, San Diego, California

    Oupa Tsheko. PhD, Lecturer, University of Botswana

    Xin M. Tu. PhD, Harvard University School of Public Health, Associate Professor, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania [Says 90% of positive Hiv tests in low risk populations are false positives]

    Ionel Tudor. Mathematician, Giurgiu, Romania

    Dr. Shungu M. Tundanonga-dikunda. PhD, Public & Policy Affairs Consultant, Berlin, Germany

    James Turner. Engineer, Azusa, California

    Valendar Turner. MD, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia

    Meredith Turshen. PhD, Professor of Urban Studies and Community Health, Rutgers University, New Jersey

    Richard A. Tuscher. D.O., Portland, Oregon

    Teresa E. Tutt. MS, PhD candidate: Medical Radiation Physics, College Station, Texas

    David H. Tyson. Mathematician, electrical engineer, Eugene, Oregon

    Craig Michael Uhl. MD, former U.S. Navy physician, Monarch Beach, California

    Marie Ukpong. Medical Microbiologist, affiliated with The Nigerian Association of Microbiologists

    Friedrich Ulmer. PhD, Professor of Mathematics and Statistics, Bergische University, Wuppertal, Germany

    Werner Ulrich. DVM, Veterinarian, Public Health Inspector, Sta. cruz De Tenerife, Spain

    Jean Umber. Professor of Organic Chemistry, Acad�mie de Nancy-Metz, Lorraine, France

    John J. Umile. Medical Virology Researcher, Union County College, New Jersey

    Howard Urnovitz. PhD, Microbiologist and Immunologist, Science Director, Chronic Illness Research Foundation, co-founder and CEO, Chronix Biomedical. Dr. Urnovitz�s team developed the only FDA-licensed urine-based diagnostic test for antibodies to HIV

    Roser Urreizti. PhD student in Genetics, Barcelona, Spain

    Cristian Vaccari. Ph.D. candidate, IULM University, Milan, Italy

    Gabriela Vachino. Architect, Barcelona, Spain

    Francois Vachon. MD, University of Paris 7, France [Says Hiv is not transmitted by penile-vaginal sex]

    Eleonora N. Vacilotto. Nurse, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Vladimir Valderrama. MD, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia

    Larry Valencia. M.S. Pharmaceutical Science, writer, Wyoming, Rhode Island

    Gian Paolo Vallati. Architect, Writer, Rome, Italy

    Joan Valls. MD, Arbucies, Spain

    A. Van Beveren. PhD, Biochemist/Physiologist, Director, Health Integration Center, Skillman, New Jersey

    Jean Van Camp. M.A., New Martinsville, West Virginia

    Marcus Van Dam. MD, Scarborough, UK

    Tine Van Der Maas. Prof. Nurse, Cape Town, South Africa

    Steven Van der Merwe. Journalist, Times Media Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa

    JP Van der Veen. L.LB, Durban, South Africa

    Karen Van Hoek. PhD, Ann Arbor, Michigan

    Dewald Van Niekerk. Head of the African Centre for Disaster Studies at North-West University, South Africa. Co-author, Governance, Politics, and Policy in South Africa, Oxford, 2001

    M.H. Van Sligtenhorst. MD, Amsterdam, Netherlands

    Reinder Van Tijen. Industrial engineer. Founder of the non-profit industrial design foundation Demotech. Dieren, Netherlands

    Albertus Van Wyk. Journalist, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Darren Van Zyl. Paramedic and educator, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Hern�n Vanegas. Journalist, Medellin, Colombia

    Kurt Vanquill. Ophthalmologist, Harvard graduate, San Francisco

    Alex Varden. M.A., Los Angeles, California

    CJ Varghese. Homeopathic physician, Taliparamba, India

    Paul Varkonyi-Wallerstein. MD, Author, Das AIDS Dilemma; Forschung in der Sackgasse [The AIDS Dilemma; Research at a dead end]. Saarbruecken, Germany

    Christopher Derick Varn. Managing Editor, Milkwood Review

    Ricardo Vasquez-sandoval. MD, M.Sc., Prof. of Immunology, Universidad de Concepcion, Chillan, Chile

    Antonieta Vazquez. Pharmacist, Maracaibo, Venezuela

    Jorge Vega Bravo. MD, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell�n, Colombia

    Raul Vergini. MD, Predappio, Italy

    Vivienne Vermaak. Broadcast Journalist, South Africa

    Michael Verney-Elliott. Journalist, London, UK

    Dr. Eduardo Verzini. MD, Argentina

    Claudio Viano. Engineer, Turin, Italy

    Terry S. Vibbert. DDS, Evansville, Indiana

    Ana Vidal. Medical Student, University PUC-SP, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Gonzalo Vidal. D.C., Hayward, California

    Gernot Vielkind. MD, Government Medical Officer, Lichtenau, Austria. Previously Assistant to Prof. KH Spitzy, Dept. of Chemotherapy, University Hospital, Vienna, Austria

    Dr. Alberto Vigano. Milan, Italy

    Carlos Villamizar Mantilla. Engineer, Bogot�, Colombia

    Jacques Siegfried Visser. Administrator, Aids Research Foundation of South Africa, Pretoria

    K. Viswambharan. Founder of Natural Health Foundation, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

    Higinio Vital. Engineer, Madrid, Spain

    Higinio Vital. Engineer, Madrid, Spain

    Marta Vives. MD, University of Barcelona, Spain

    Barend Vlaardingerbroek. PhD, Senior Lecturer, Dept of Mathematics and Science, University of Botswana

    Janie Vohland. Registered Nurse; First Aid/CPR Instructor, Salem, Oregon

    Giovanna Volpe. MA, Sydney, Australia

    Peter-anton Von Arnim. Lecturer, Weimar Summer Courses, Germany. Author, Der gr�ne Baum des Lebens and Goethe und der Islam

    Eberhard Von Goldammer. Professor of Biophysics and Cybernetics, FH-Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

    Caroline Von Taysen. Psychological Case Worker, Berlin, Germany. Author, Autismustherapien - Grundhaltungen in der psychotherapeutischen Praxis im Zusammenhang mit der Therapie von autistischen Kindern und Jugendlichen (Autism therapy - basic attitudes in psychotherapeutic practice in connection with the therapy of autistic children and young people)

    Bi Roubolo Vona. Ph.D., Asst. Professor of Mathematics, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia

    Aajonus Vonderplanitz. Nutritionist, speaker and writer, Venice, California. Author, We Want to Live and The Recipe for Living Without Disease

    Erik VonHausen. Managing Editor, QNortheast Magazine, Utica, New York

    Karl Voogd. Pharmaceutical Technician, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington

    Valerije Vrcek. M.Sc., Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia

    Riyad Vinci Wadia. Indian writer/director of Fearless: The Hunter Wali Story, A Mermaid Called Aida and BOMgAY

    William Wagener. PhD, Associate Professor, Microbiology, Clinical Laboratory Science, West Liberty State College, West Virginia

    Allene R. Wahl. PhD, C.N.C., Founder: International Resource Center for Chemically Induced Immune Disorders, Franklin Park, Illinois

    M. Wainwright. PhD, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, UK

    Kinefe Walde-miskel. M.A., Koln, Germany

    Martin Walker. Journalist and author of Dirty Medicine

    Michele Walton. Documentary Film Maker, St. Louis, Missouri

    Ronald Elly Wanda. Engineer; President, Pan African Society, London, UK

    Ernest Wandera. M.Sc., Health Care Admin, Elizabeth, New Jersey

    Theodore L. Wansley. M.Sc., University of Florida

    James H. Warner. LLD, Rohersville, Maryland

    Patricia Nell Warren. Author, Publisher, Los Angeles, California

    Emmy Wasirwa. MD, Kampala, Uganda

    Eugene Watson. Manufacturer of Scientific Instruments, Laramie, Wisconsin

    Edward J. Wawszkiewicz. PhD, Chicago, Illinois

    Col. Douglas J. Wear. MC USA, Chairman, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Disease Pathology. Department of Defense Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC [salutes Duesberg�s dissent and admits that Hiv has only a �possible causative role� in Aids]

    Charles Weaver. graduate student, Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York

    Robert Weaver. MD, Chicago, Illinois

    Yeh Da Wei. MD, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan

    Nicolas Weiland. Homeopath, Montreal, Canada

    Hannes Weinbauer. Medical Student, Graz, Austria

    Elisabeth Weinberger. Bad Ems, Germany. Co-author, Neue Punktuelle Schmerz- und Organtherapie

    Sonya Weir. Journalist, Vancouver, Canada. Editor, Shared Vision Magazine

    Barnett J. Weiss. CSW, HEAL Board Member, Brooklyn, New York

    Darrell G. Wells. PhD, Emeritus Professor, Plant Sciences, Brookings, South Dakota

    Jonathan C. Wells. PhD, Fairfield, California

    Martin Welz. Editor, Noseweek, Cape Town, South Africa

    Cyrille Onyumbe Wemakoy Wombo. Writer, Pretoria, South Africa

    Adrian M. Wenner. PhD, Dept. Biol. Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara

    Louise Wentzel. Complementary Health Practitioner, Cape Town, South Africa

    Rudolf Werner. PhD, Professor of Biochemistry, University of Miami School of Medicine

    Jeremy R. Werner. L.Ac., MTOM, RMT. Acupuncturist, Master of Traditional Oriental Medicine, Beverly Hills, California

    Jim West. Science journalist, Chairman of the Science Committee for the NoSpray Coalition in New York City

    Manfred Wetter. PhD, Copperbelt Univ., Kitwe, Zambia

    James Whitehead. writer and researcher for Continuum Magazine and Meditel Productions

    Mark Whittaker. M.Phil, University of Glasgow, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Thomas Whittier. Acupuncturist, Former Analytical and Research Chemist for Smith Kline & French, Former VP and Quality Control Director for Sterling Drug

    Kenneth D. Wicker. MD, Physician, Internal Medicine, Jefferson City, Tennessee

    Theodor Wieland. PhD, Max Planck Institute, Heidelberg, Germany

    Jens Wielobinski. Physiotherapist, holistic medicine practitioner, Dresden, Germany

    Frank Wiewel. Founder, People Against Cancer, Member, Advisory Board, National Institute of Health�s Office of Alternative Medicine

    Jon Wilcox. Physician, MBChB, DipObst, FRNZCGP, Auckland, New Zealand. Also served on government committees dealing with pharmaceuticals and classification of pharmaceuticals

    David J. Wilder. MD, Physician, Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany

    Karl Wilder. Nutritionist, New York

    Ivor F. Williams. Project Manager, Botswana, Population Services International

    Winthrop Williams. PhD, Physics, University of California at Berkeley

    Kate Williams. PhD candidate, University of Michigan; B.Sc., MIT, MBA, University of Chicago

    Beth E. Williams. Grad. Student, Teaching Assistant in Biology and Chemistry, Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania. Awarded a fellowship from the National Science Foundation

    Annette Willmott. Registered Nurse, certified midwife, Sydney, Australia

    Robert E. Willner. MD, PhD, author of Deadly Deception

    Ashley Wilson. Engineer, Milano, Italy

    Geoffrey Wilson. Atmospheric Scientist, Nederland, Colorado

    Melanie Windover. Journalist, Toronto, Canada

    Zev Winicur. PhD, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder

    Dan Winterrowd. M.A., Pilot Hill, California

    Wade Wofford. Addictions Counselor, Birmingham, Alabama

    Jacek W�jcik. PhD, Chemist, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland

    Thomas E. Wojtaszek. Attorney, Brooklyn, New York

    Susan Woledge. Remedial Therapist, Student of Naturopathy, Te Aroha, New Zealand

    Derek A. Wolfe. DBM, North Devon, UK

    Gerald T. Wolke. Pharmacist, Vallejo, California

    Lee Marc G. Wolman. Civil Engineer, Belmont, Massachusetts, B.A., B.E., Johns Hopkins University, M.S., Harvard University

    Ambroise Wonkham. MD, Faculty of Medical Genetics, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland

    Croft Woodruff. MH, Vancouver, Canada

    L.B. Work. MD, Monterey, California

    James L. Worthington. Registered Nurse, Director of Nursing, Central Florida Rehabilitation Complex, Mount Dora, Florida

    Gillian Wray. Dip.Hom.Med., Dublin, Ireland

    Michael Wright. recipient of four federal grants from the US Public Health Service. Two of these grants supported the development and testing of software for Hiv risk assessment

    James Wu. MD, Foster City, California

    Cristiane Wu. MD, S�o Paulo, Brazil

    Hung-Hsi Wu. PhD, Professor of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley

    Hannelore Wurst . Psychotherapist, Reinach, Switzerland

    Leanne Wylet. Founder and President, Patients for Alternative Medicine (PfAM)

    Markus Wyser. Dipl. Naturarzt and Drogist, Zug, Switzerland

    Chun Xu. MD, PhD, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

    Jos� Antonio Ya�ez-Martinez. Naturopathic Doctor, Monterrey, Mexico

    David W. Yarbrough. MFA, Silver Spring, Maryland

    Steven Haywood Yaskell. Science writer, Sweden. Co-author, Maunder Minimum and the Variable Sun-Earth Connection

    Gis�le Yasmeen. PhD, Director, BC & Yukon Office, The Council for Canadian Unity; Research Associate, Sustainable Development Research Institute & Institute of Asian Research, University of British Columbia; co-author, “Work, Space and Place in the Cities of the East Asian Pacific Rim” in Kim, Douglass and Choe (eds.) Culture and the City in East Asia, Oxford University Press 1997

    Wai Yeung. MD, Orinda, California

    Donald Yewah. Engineering Graduate Student, University of Munich, Germany

    John Yiamouyiannis. PhD, Biochemist. Biochemical editor for Chemical Abstracts Service, Science Director of the National Health Federation. Co-editor of the scientific journal, Fluoride. Co-author of AIDS: The Good News is that HIV Doesn�t Cause It; The Bad News is that Recreational Drugs and Medical Treatments Like AZT Do

    Dje Yobouet. PhD, Director of Chemistry, Food Safety Net Services, Ltd.; Scientist, Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

    Susan Yorke. MSW, RSW, Counselling And Development Centre, York University, Toronto, Canada

    Risha Yorke. Playwright, Vancouver, Canada

    Ian Young. Author The Stonewall Experiment (and other writings), Toronto, Canada

    William Young. PhD, Genetics, Lansing, Michigan

    Robert O. Young. Author, The pH Miracle: Balance Your Diet, Reclaim Your Health, and Sick and Tired? Reclaim Your Inner Terrain

    Syed Zainulabedin. PhD, Neurobiologist, Freie Universit�t, Berlin, Germany

    Vladimir Zajac. PhD, Oncovirologist, Geneticist, Cancer Research Institute, Czech Republic

    Doretta Zanella. Veterinarian, Torino, Italy

    Vladimir Zaninovic. MD, Emeritus Professor of Neurology, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Colombia

    Jennifer F. Zea. D.C., Austin, Texas

    Michael (�Mickey Z.�) Zezima. Editor, Wide Angle monthly; Author, The Seven Deadly Spins, Saving Private Power, The Murdering of My Years and other books. Has lectured at Yale and MIT

    Zakhe Zondo. National Democratic Institute For International Affairs, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Michael Zonta. Journalist, San Francisco. Author, The Men in My Life: A Therapeutic Autobiography

    Hamadou Zourmba. Engineer, Wemblingden, Germany

    Mark Zuhrbrigghen. PhD, Orthomolecular Nutritionist, Cape Town, South Africa

    Winstone Zulu. Lusaka, Zambia, Consultant to WHO and UNAIDS. Member, President Mbeki�s AIDS panel. Founder of Alive & Well, Zambia

    Musa Zuma. Researcher, South African Human Rights Commission, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Andr�s-amado Zuno-arce. Homeopath, Guadalajara, Mexico

    Stanley J. Zyskowski. PhD, Farmington Hills, Michigan

    There you have it. No �handful of wild-eyed conspiracy theorists.� No �right-wing racists,� as the Aids industry�s spinmeisters would have you believe. Just 2,183 very serious, concerned, highly educated people from every corner of the globe who sense that an enormous tragedy is unfolding due to the medical establishment�s unwillingness to face the evidence that the Hiv-Aids theory is a mistake.

    The people on this page were intellectually curious enough to have sought out and studied the arguments that discredit the Hiv-Aids theory. Since the mass media and professional journals censor these arguments, the vast majority of doctors and scientists, although decent people who want to do the right thing, have never been exposed to them, and so accept the biased conclusions of politicized bureaucracies like the CDC and WHO, whose coziness with the drug industry is legendary and whose recommendations always seems to dovetail perfectly with drug industry marketing plans.

    Were it not for the massive media blackout of information that contradicts the Hiv theory, this list, long as it is, would be many times longer.

    The next time you hear the media say, �only a handful of scientists doubt Hiv�s role in Aids,� refer them to this page. Explain to them that it is wrong to misrepresent the fact that there is enormous dissent to the Hiv-Aids paradigm.

    The next time you hear the media drone, �Hiv, the virus that causes Aids,� remind them that journalists are supposed to distinguish between what is a theory and what is a fact. That Hiv-Aids is only a theory and has never been proven, is admitted by top scientists even in the Aids establishment.

    The next time the media announce that tens of millions of people are dying from Hiv in Africa, ask them how they know that. Remind them that journalists are supposed to question dubious assertions from powerful, drug-industry funded agencies like the WHO, not parrot them as if they were indisputable. Ask them why they report these numbers as if they were actual Aids cases, when in fact they are projections made by WHO�s computer programs, based on very questionable statistical methodologies and contradicted by many facts including the continual large population increases experienced in the countries supposedly worst affected.

    Request that the media stop twisting the truth in support of a politicized, entrenched Aids establishment that profits financially by terrorizing people, pokes its nose shamelessly into people�s private sex lives, compels people to submit to inaccurate tests and literally forces mothers and babies to swallow toxic, unproven chemotherapy drugs with horrific, often-fatal side effects.

    Explain to them that this is irresponsible, and that such actions cause needless anxiety, shatter people�s lives, tear families apart, destroy hope and trigger countless suicides. And that while we realize that sensational headlines about �killer viruses� sell newspapers, the social cost of these profits is unacceptable.

    Make the media understand that keeping people in the dark about the large number of credentialed dissenters to the Hiv-Aids dogmas, and the financial conflicts of interest that are rampant among Hiv-Aids scientists and NGOs, is a violation of everyone�s human right to informed consent and freedom of information.

    AFRICAN RAINBOW CIRCLE, P.O. Box 832, Waterfal 3652, KZN, South Africa

    Email: information@arc.org.za Fax: +27 (0)31 765 6480

    Posted by scienceguardian | Categories: Uncategorized | 1 Comment »

    David Brooks’ fantastical view of Africa

    June 12th, 2005

    The newest addition to the Times Op Ed lineup has been mightily impressed by his tour of southern Africa last week, courtesy of the AIDS priests in that resource-challenged part of the world.

    Today (Sun Jun 12) we are treated to a column from Mozambique, which paints the African health picture in lurid terms as a conundrum of moral, sociological, psychological and cultural issues, which the mighty technical prowess of modern science is powerless to solve.

    “In the week I have spent traveling around southern Africa,” says Brooks, “I have been struck by how much technical knowledge we have brought to bear combating AIDS. You give us a problem that can be solved technically—like creating the medicines to treat the disease—and we can perform mighty feats.”

    He is also aware of of the importance of condoms to prevent the spread of AIDS, it seems, and is very happy to visit a church made of stocks, ten yards long and with a tin roof, where he finds women and their pastor fully apprised of this important tenet of his and their faith.

    But then he details the cultural-moral-political-psychological factors which confound this simple palliative. Apparently in Africa men are often polygamous, beat their HIV positive wives, won’t accept “no” for an answer, get drunk and/or in the “throes of passion” and force themselves on their women. Miners have sex with prostitutes and then their wives. Teachers trade grades for sex, “sugar daddies have sex with 14 year old girls in exchange for cell phone time…. Small gangs of predatory men knowingly infect women by the score without a second thought in the world.”

    As an example of the thoughtless fantasy which streams from the pens of moral-cultural-psychological-political commmentators who are let out of their East Coast zoo to roam the unfamiliar moral-cultural-psychological-political landscapes of Southern Africa it is a prize specimen.

    Brooks, not unlike some greenhorn provincial touring the Soviet Union in the charge of one of Stalin’s guides, seems to have swallowed everything he is told in one gulp without tasting any of it, and then spat it out as a monster grown tenfold, like some inflated bottomfeeder.

    But on top of that, it seems that offered a rare chance to moralize on the incontrovertible basis of deadly threat of disease, he is not going to miss the opportunity.

    “This is an AIDS crisis about evil,” he cries, launching further fire and brimstone about a southern Africa that bhas “ten Jobs per acre” and in desperate need of a “language that governments and N.G.O’s rarely speak” which connects words like “faithful” with “abstinent”, sewn together in the fabric of “some larger creed”.

    All of this oratory from the pulpit is based on one premise which Brooks apparently never thought to question, despite the experience over two decades of AIDS in his home nation, which has seen absolutely no visible spread to heterosexuals of this supposedly same disease agent rampant in southern Africa. For heterosexuals, HIV is a swiftly catching microbe on the continent he is visiting, whereas it bats close to zero in the US in the same game.

    Here is another column Brooks write earlier in the week. In Namibia and elsewhere, Brooks detects a Silicon Valley-type boom in small clinics springing up everywhere as drugs become increasingly availanle and work their wonders.

    Once again, scientific critics of the paradigm in AIDS are faced with anecdotes of delighted patients who feel much better after they take their doses. How could all this be wrong?

    That is a hard question best dealt with in a separate post. But for now, it seems that skeptics would have to redouble their emphasis on the psychology of HIV positivity, where the assurance of death has powerful debilitating effects and when it is replaced by the assurance of salvatio, patients are equally powerfully boosted—especially when what they are worrying about does not in fact exist, as such, and they may not be suffering from anything else:

    The New York Times

    June 9, 2005

    In Africa, Life After AIDS

    By DAVID BROOKS

    Windhoek, Namibia

    Bobwalla is a black woman born in Cape Town and raised under apartheid. She lived in a shack with her husband, who drank and beat her for the first nine years of their marriage. Then she tested positive for H.I.V., and cried for days. It was a death sentence.

    But she was lucky enough to find a clinic that could give her antiretroviral drugs. She persuaded her husband, who is also H.I.V.-positive, to get treatment. He stopped drinking as part of the treatment, and has stopped abusing her and sleeping around. Now she counsels pregnant women on how not to pass H.I.V. on to their babies.

    “For some, H.I.V. brings death,” she says. “For me, H.I.V. brought life into my home.”

    You come to Southern Africa to visit AIDS hospitals, and you expect, or at least I expected, to find unrelieved sadness. But something positive has happened recently because of the confluence of three factors. The first is the spread of antiretroviral treatment programs. Second, some African governments have gone on the offensive against the disease. And third, the U.S. and other countries are pouring in money to pay for treatments.

    So now you run across health workers who have been laboring for years and watching people die, but who suddenly have the means to offer life. You have, amid the ocean of despair, this archipelago of hope, hospitals that are ramping up treatment programs as fast as they can, even while bursting out of their walls. In Namibia, for example, only 500 people were receiving treatment in January 2004. Now over 9,000 people are, and the number is rising rapidly.

    Here in Windhoek, Namibia’s capital, you run into people like a 6-year-old who was born to parents who were both H.I.V.-positive. They gave her the name Haunapawa, which reflected their mood at the time. It means, “There is no good in the world.” But the parents are both still alive, and the girl, once racked by pneumonia, is thriving on the medicine.

    You run into scenes like the one I saw at Oshakati Hospital in northern Namibia, by the Angolan border, where a young Zimbabwean doctor, Gram Mutandi, works at his clinic. Patients can wait for eight hours to receive treatment and counseling.

    One woman, Josephina, had been dying of AIDS. Her mother had already died. So had her sister and brother-in-law, and she was looking after their children. Then she got on the treatment program, and now she has the irrepressible joy of someone who has come back from death.

    Next to her was a woman who showed a photograph of herself at the depths of her disease, frail and emaciated. With treatment, she’s robust now. “I want to thank Dr. Mutandi,” she said. “You saved my life.”

    You can imagine what this has done for the morale of the health workers. You can imagine how it has helped them in their efforts to get more people tested for H.I.V. Now a positive test is not a death sentence. Something can be done.

    Obviously there’s a long way to go. You can still go out and visit children in mud huts who are raising themselves because their parents, aunts and uncles are all dead. Only a small fraction of those who need treatment are getting it. At the Lutheran Hospital in Onandjokwe, Namibia, the staff tested 858 women in the first quarter of this year, but could get only five of their male partners to even come in for testing.

    But there’s something perversely akin here to Silicon Valley in the early 1990’s. All these little treatment facilities are trying to get really big really fast. Thanks in part to American money, they’re building new wings and desperately scrounging for qualified staff.

    They’re facing the problems start-ups face: how to offer treatment to hundreds when you have only one sink and one phone, how to use the survivors who suddenly have the rest of their lives to lead.

    I came here expecting despair, but now realize that we should be redoubling our efforts out of a sense of opportunity. I came here aware of controversies about abstinence versus condoms in AIDS prevention programs, about U.S. aid versus multilateral aid, and now realize that all that nonsense is irrelevant on the ground.

    This is a world of people trying everything, of doctors from Russia, Egypt, Cuba, Germany and Zimbabwe. Many are backed by money from the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, finally doing the work they’ve always dreamed of doing.

    We could be on the verge of a recovery boom.

    Of course, Brooks is as underresearched and underinformed as any other full time talking head in the US media on any topic he addresses, especially on a whirlwind tour of Africa, and it is unlikely that he would ever set his research assistants to work to nail down the inconsistencies in AIDS. But his inability to catch the simplest fundamental anomaly is striking, even with jet lag.

    But then again, the mind works much harder to force inconsistencies to conform to the mental framework in place, than it does to change the framework to encompass a larger truth. Our pontificator Imagining that there might be something simply wrong about the mental projections of his guides and their medical masterminds is evidently too much to ask, for whatever reason.

    What would be ideal, if unimaginable, would be for all columnists visiting southern Africa these days to be given a copy of David Rasnick’s “But What About Africa?” to read on the plane, without any access to alternative reading material.

    First published as a paper presented to the Second Conference on Science and Democracy at the the Institute of Philosophical Studies, in the Palace of Serra di Cassano in Naples in 2003, Rasnick’s run down on the blatant impossibility of African AIDS as normally understood seems as persuasive as when it was delivered two years ago.

    Anyone who credits the many points Rasnick makes can be relieved of the obligation to follow David Brooks, Brad Pitt, Diane Sawyer and other media stars into a fantasy of Africa as being inhabited by a race from another planet, whose magical ability to transfer HIV through heterosexual conjugation is matched only by their evilly corrupted social attitudes, recalling the darkest imaginings of the white European explorers and hunters when they first fearfully returned to the Dark Continent that spawned them eons before.

    The url is at the Science and Democracy Conference Website and unfortunately nested inside frames. This makes it hard for google to find, unfortunately (someone should tell Web designers that if they want something to be seen by search engines, Don’t Use Frames).

    The first page to go to to choose the language is Science and Democracy Conference: Choose Italian or English. Once clicked this leads to the full information page, where you should choose the papers from teh Second Conference, Contributions to SD2, one of which is David Rasnick’s “But What About Africa?” in both HTML and PDF.

    Interestingly it also deals with the basic contentions of the Durban Declaration, which it refutes point by point, and with the widespread notion that antiretrovirals enable ailing AIDS patients to leap out of bed and climb mountains, or at the least go back to work from their sickbed.

    The story is, sadly, otherwise, according to Rasnick. Click (more) for his refutation:

    II. But, arenÂ’t people living longer because of the drugs?

    Martin Delaney of Project Inform says that, “the multi-drug combinations have dramatically reduced death rates and greatly extended the lives of those [HIV-positive people] using such therapies” . This is a very common assertion made these days about the wonderful life-saving benefits of the admittedly highly toxic anti-HIV drugs. Let’s take a look at the evidence and see if Delaney’s unrestrained enthusiasm for the antiretrovirals is justified.

    First, we must look at the CDC’s HIV/AIDS Surveillance Reports to see how AIDS has changed in the USA over the past two decades. The CDC data show that AIDS peaked in 1992 and has been going down steadily ever since (Fig. 7). The mortality rate from AIDS is dropping because AIDS has been declining in the USA since 1992, years before the introduction in 1996 of Highly Active AntiRetroviral multi-drug combinations (HAART) that Delaney touts. The apparent life-saving benefits of the HIV-protease inhibitor-containing cocktails is a consequence of the simple fact that these drugs have appeared on the scene long after AIDS peaked in the USA, during a period when the mortality due to AIDS was naturally in decline .

    Another reason for the decline in AIDS deaths is the CDC’s re-definition of what constitutes AIDS in the USA. As of 1993, all you needed to qualify as an AIDS case were results from two lab tests: be immune to HIV, that is have antibodies to the virus, and have fewer than 200 CD4 cells per microliter of blood or a CD4 percentage less than 14 . The CDC has a rule that an AIDS case is classified according to the earliest definition that applies. Consequently, in 1997, 36,634 people (61% of all new AIDS cases) were classified under this non-disease category. Because the majority of new AIDS cases in the USA are classified according to the non-disease criteria of the CDC’s 1993 definition change, they do not have any of the colossal list of AIDS diseases—from diarrhea to dementia, pneumonia to cervical cancer—required by earlier definitions. Thus, the majority of new AIDS cases since the mid 1990s are disease-free (healthy) people. However, we can no longer follow the nationwide trend of including healthy people as AIDS cases after 1997 because the CDC stopped listing the AIDS-indicator diseases and conditions (formerly Table 12 ) in its HIV/AIDS Surveillance Reports.

    Nevertheless, San Francisco continues to report AIDS cases according to specific AIDS-defining diseases. The San Francisco Quarterly AIDS Surveillance Report for 2000 shows in Table 10 on page 8 that 47.7 percent of all AIDS cases from 1980 through 2000 were diagnosed with AIDS according to the two lab tests of the 1993 definition change . Since this is a cumulative number, which combines all AIDS cases under four different definitions of AIDS, well over half of all people (mostly gay men) in San Francisco that are currently being labeled as AIDS cases have no AIDS-defining disease. In spite of the 1993 definition change, with its inclusion of large numbers of healthy people as AIDS cases, Fig. 8 (taken from reference ) reflects the national picture showing that the number of new AIDS cases in San Francisco has steadily declined since a peak of 760 in 1992 to below 50 in 2000, the same low level as in 1982. The number of new AIDS cases in San Francisco are now so few you could know them all by name.

    As a consequence of the CDC’s 1993 definition of AIDS, over half of the people now being treated with the anti-HIV drug cocktails since 1996 (the year the HIV protease inhibitor cocktails became available) were healthy when they started taking the drugs. Delaney, mainstream AIDS researchers and the AIDS press are crediting HAART with prolonging the lives of these healthy people. Sadly, these healthy people taking HAART don’t stay healthy long. They eventually get sick from the drugs and die if they stay on them long enough .

    On Africa, Rasnick concludes quite simply that

    Thus, there is no evidence that HIV is spreading through sexual intercourse (or any other way) in Africa or anywhere else. Combined with the evidence that Africa is not currently being devastated and depopulated by an AIDS epidemic, the inability to document a sexually transmitted epidemic of HIV shows that a future HIV-caused AIDS apocalypse in Africa is unlikely.

    Posted by scienceguardian | Categories: Uncategorized | No Comments »

    The crumbling ethics of scientists

    June 10th, 2005

    Bad news today (Thu Jun 9) in Nature for those of us who like to believe that science is one of the last remaining bastions of resistance to lying, cheating and fraud, even if as we all know the professional pressures have risen to new heights with every decade that passes.

    According to a Minnesota study of 3,200 young and mid-career US scientists three years ago, while few admitted to falsifying data, a third of them confessed to stealing credit, or changing the results of a study to suit a sponsor.

    The lead author is Brian Martinson, a sociologist at the HealthPartners Research Foundation in Bloomington, and as he says the bad behavior amounts to more than “just a few bad apples”.

    Apparently this comes as a shock to some, who haven’t yet cottoned on to the fact that that scientists are human, too, and when they have to compete for grants and sponsors and produce results they are going to behave just like other communities in business and in universities.

    Possibly all the decent folk who have found this kind of ethical deterioration hard to imagine will finally realize that even science is capable of producing it Enrons and WorldComs, and look a little harder at fields such as AIDS where the science is unproven and the stakes very large.

    What is equally surprising is that this is the first time such a study has been carried out. This surely reflects the high level of trust that has been accorded scientists up to this point. Or the naivete of the few sociologists who study them.

    Or at least, the fact that those who are aware of the inside story of science have managed to keep it to themselves.

    One-third of scientists admit to research violations

    One-third of scientists admit to research violations

    Maura Lerner, Star Tribune

    June 9, 2005 BADSCIENCE0609

    One-third of scientists admit to research violations

    A third of the scientists in a nationwide survey admitted to violating some

    of the bedrock rules of scientific research, according to a report by a team of Minnesota researchers.

    The survey, of more than 3,200 U.S. scientists, found that hardly anyone

    admitted to falsifying data outright.

    But a surprising 33 percent confessed to other kinds of misconduct — such as claiming credit for someone else’s work, or changing results because of

    pressure from a study’s sponsor.

    The survey indicates that the misconduct involves more than a “few bad

    apples,” said the lead author, Brian Martinson.

    Martinson is a sociologist at the HealthPartners Research Foundation in

    Bloomington.

    “Our findings suggest that U.S. scientists engage in a range of behaviors

    extending far beyond falsification, fabrication and plagiarism that can damage the integrity of science,” the authors report in today’s issue of the British journal Nature.

    The researchers surveyed young and mid-career scientists throughout the

    United States in 2002. They asked about a long list of questionable actions, from making up data to improper relationships with research subjects.

    Among the findings: only three-tenths of 1 percent admitted to “falsifying or cooking research data.” Slightly more, 1.4 percent, said they had potentially

    improper relationships with students or subjects. The survey did not define

    improper, but researchers said it could include such things as hiring relatives or having an affair. A significant number –15 percent — said they had changed the design, methods or results of a study in response to pressure from a financial sponsor.

    In addition, 7 percent admitted ignoring “minor” rules for protecting human subjects. And 6 percent said that they failed to report data that contradicted their previous work.

    Martinson said this was the first survey of its kind, so it is not known

    whether the conduct is growing more common.

    If anything, he said, the survey probably underestimates the misconduct,

    because some scientists may have feared discovery if they admitted their actions.

    The survey also suggested that younger scientists (average age 35) were less likely to admit to most types of misconduct than their colleagues in

    mid-career (average age 44).

    Scientists, Martinson said, are “one of the hardest-working groups of people that I know.” But he said there may be something about their working environment — the mountains of rules, the pressure to compete for grants and to produce results — that leads them to compromise their ethics.

    “A lot of other professions engage in a lot of misbehavior — look around at

    corporate America,” he said. “There’s been this kind of idea that scientists

    … are super-humans or something, that they’re immune from these kinds of

    pressure. But scientists are human.”

    The survey results came as a surprise to R. Timothy Mulcahy, vice president for research at the University of Minnesota. He called it “a very important study,” but said that some of the categories of misconduct may not be as black or white as they seem.

    “I think there are a lot of gray zones,” he said. Scientists may not always

    realize they’re crossing a line, he said, and universities should do a better

    job training them in research ethics.

    A top official with the Association of American Medical Colleges, which

    represents major research institutions, declined to comment on the findings, saying she hadn’t had time to study them.

    But Susan Ehringhaus, the group’s associate general counsel in Washington, D.C., praised the researchers for raising the issues. “Of course, it’s a matter that should be taken seriously,” she said. “I am glad to see the questions engaged, and look forward to the debate that I’m sure that they will produce.”

    The survey was conducted jointly by Martinson and two researchers from the University of Minnesota, Melissa Anderson, an associate professor of higher education, and Prof. Raymond de Vries of the university’s Center for Bioethics.

    Posted by scienceguardian | Categories: Uncategorized | No Comments »

    The crumbling ethics of scientists

    June 9th, 2005

    Bad news today (Thu Jun 9) in Nature for those of us who like to believe that science is one of the last remaining bastions of resistance to lying, cheating and fraud, even if as we all know the professional pressures have risen to new heights with every decade that passes.

    According to a Minnesota study of 3,200 young and mid-career US scientists three years ago, while few admitted to falsifying data, a third of them confessed to stealing credit, or changing the results of a study to suit a sponsor.

    The lead author is Brian Martinson, a sociologist at the HealthPartners Research Foundation in Bloomington, and as he says the bad behavior amounts to more than “just a few bad apples”.

    Apparently this comes as a shock to some, who haven’t yet cottoned on to the fact that that scientists are human, too, and when they have to compete for grants and sponsors and produce results they are going to behave just like other communities in business and in universities.

    Possibly all the decent folk who have found this kind of ethical deterioration hard to imagine will finally realize that even science is capable of producing it Enrons and WorldComs, and look a little harder at fields such as AIDS where the science is unproven and the stakes very large.

    What is equally surprising is that this is the first time such a study has been carried out. This surely reflects the high level of trust that has been accorded scientists up to this point. Or the naivete of the few sociologists who study them.

    Or at least, the fact that those who are aware of the inside story of science have managed to keep it to themselves.

    One-third of scientists admit to research violations

    One-third of scientists admit to research violations

    Maura Lerner, Star Tribune

    June 9, 2005 BADSCIENCE0609

    One-third of scientists admit to research violations

    A third of the scientists in a nationwide survey admitted to violating some

    of the bedrock rules of scientific research, according to a report by a team of Minnesota researchers.

    The survey, of more than 3,200 U.S. scientists, found that hardly anyone

    admitted to falsifying data outright.

    But a surprising 33 percent confessed to other kinds of misconduct — such as claiming credit for someone else’s work, or changing results because of

    pressure from a study’s sponsor.

    The survey indicates that the misconduct involves more than a “few bad

    apples,” said the lead author, Brian Martinson.

    Martinson is a sociologist at the HealthPartners Research Foundation in

    Bloomington.

    “Our findings suggest that U.S. scientists engage in a range of behaviors

    extending far beyond falsification, fabrication and plagiarism that can damage the integrity of science,” the authors report in today’s issue of the British journal Nature.

    The researchers surveyed young and mid-career scientists throughout the

    United States in 2002. They asked about a long list of questionable actions, from making up data to improper relationships with research subjects.

    Among the findings: only three-tenths of 1 percent admitted to “falsifying or cooking research data.” Slightly more, 1.4 percent, said they had potentially

    improper relationships with students or subjects. The survey did not define

    improper, but researchers said it could include such things as hiring relatives or having an affair. A significant number –15 percent — said they had changed the design, methods or results of a study in response to pressure from a financial sponsor.

    In addition, 7 percent admitted ignoring “minor” rules for protecting human subjects. And 6 percent said that they failed to report data that contradicted their previous work.

    Martinson said this was the first survey of its kind, so it is not known

    whether the conduct is growing more common.

    If anything, he said, the survey probably underestimates the misconduct,

    because some scientists may have feared discovery if they admitted their actions.

    The survey also suggested that younger scientists (average age 35) were less likely to admit to most types of misconduct than their colleagues in

    mid-career (average age 44).

    Scientists, Martinson said, are “one of the hardest-working groups of people that I know.” But he said there may be something about their working environment — the mountains of rules, the pressure to compete for grants and to produce results — that leads them to compromise their ethics.

    “A lot of other professions engage in a lot of misbehavior — look around at

    corporate America,” he said. “There’s been this kind of idea that scientists

    … are super-humans or something, that they’re immune from these kinds of

    pressure. But scientists are human.”

    The survey results came as a surprise to R. Timothy Mulcahy, vice president for research at the University of Minnesota. He called it “a very important study,” but said that some of the categories of misconduct may not be as black or white as they seem.

    “I think there are a lot of gray zones,” he said. Scientists may not always

    realize they’re crossing a line, he said, and universities should do a better

    job training them in research ethics.

    A top official with the Association of American Medical Colleges, which

    represents major research institutions, declined to comment on the findings, saying she hadn’t had time to study them.

    But Susan Ehringhaus, the group’s associate general counsel in Washington, D.C., praised the researchers for raising the issues. “Of course, it’s a matter that should be taken seriously,” she said. “I am glad to see the questions engaged, and look forward to the debate that I’m sure that they will produce.”

    The survey was conducted jointly by Martinson and two researchers from the University of Minnesota, Melissa Anderson, an associate professor of higher education, and Prof. Raymond de Vries of the university’s Center for Bioethics.

    Posted by scienceguardian | Categories: Uncategorized | No Comments »

    Africa through Brad Pitt’s eyes

    June 7th, 2005

    What with the second Durban AIDS Conference this week, ABC’s 20/20 tonight (June 7 Tues) shows Brad Pitt and the blonde star interviewer Diane Sawyer treading the slum back alleys of an Ethiopian townships seeking out the sufferers of the scourge of Africa, that is to say, AIDS.

    Even when some unfortunate, stick-thin mother lying on her sickbed is acknowledged to have TB, while the family display a few pitiful morsels of dried bread - “injara” - as their coming evening meal after the multi–millionaire visitors leave, and the pathways to the tin roof hovel force them to step carefully to avoid the running sewage, it is all laid at the door of AIDS, of course.

    Luckily America is saving many of the delightfully vivacious children the glamorous duo, their guides, aides and their camerapersons meet (Brad teaches the excited black children the hip “American style handshake”) by shipping them helpful drugs, we gather, even if for some unexplained reason not all in South Africa are getting these as yet.

    One good thing is that the children and other happy beneficiaries of US munificence are punctual in taking their drugs each day at six o’clock sharp. Brad is told by one schoolchild in striped tie and sweater that after the kid watched “Days of our Lives” he takes his drugs precisely at six o’clock. “Well done!” says Brad giving him an American handshake. How many do so, he asks a doctor. “What is the rate of success?” Almost 100%,” says the doctor. He means, of course, success at persuading them to take the drugs efficiently, and not what probably most viewers heard, which was that the drugs had a nearly 100% cure rate.

    While nearly all of them in Africa given the drugs, says Diane in a phrase which tells more than she knows, take them “religiously”. Not so in the US. The deplorable fact is that nearly a third of AIDS sufferers in the United States abuse their global privilege by not taking these medications “religiously”, she tells us.

    Brad Pitt behaves very well, kissing the dying mother on the cheeks with very loud Umwah! Umwah!s - “So nice to see you again!” - as she struggles to rise from her mattress and show him some pages she keeps close, perhaps a letter he wrote her after a previous visit Her pretty little daughter Helena has one ambition. To get five dollars from somewhere, and buy schoolbooks and thus help her mother.

    The pre-teen Helena, one has to say, looks a good deal more thoughtful by nature than either of her patronizing visitors. Could it be that she has medical texts in mind, and will find out when she is grown that her mother died of neglect driven by fantasy? If so, what kind of gratitude will she ultimately feel for the ministrations of Americans?

    Certainly if it is all a fantasy used to peddle useless and lethal Western drugs (which is what the unanswered, high level peer reviewed scientific critique says it is) what we are watching is an obscene theater of well intentioned but meddlesome, smug, ultra-privileged beings being welcomed as saviors by the poor and dying for the sake of a 20/20 photo op on behalf of AIDS Incorporated, when in fact all they need is a few dollars to clean up their shanty town and eat some decent food. Did Brad and Diane leave money in their wake? One can only hope so.

    Or is it possible that it is all true, and her mother and other Africans did not die as fast as they otherwise would have done if they had simply been treated for TB with penicillin, hunger with food, sickness with sanitation, and poverty with a few of Brad’s and Diane’s infinite dollars, rather than with the AIDS drugs for which those who have faith in the wisdom of the white man are pleading in that part of the world?

    Will we ever know? One begins to think that if this is all wrong, it will never be righted. Such is the power of media queens and Hollywood superstars blinding us with all this dazzling wattage, who will ever be able to correct it?

    Brad himself is bewildered and admits it, standing against the mud wall of a hut with his stylish aviator shades parked on top of his head. Though he is deeply empathetic he cannot fathom lives so distant from his own unthinking ability to sit down at night and eat whatever he wishes with a friend, only a few feet from another room with a comfortable bed and clean sheets in it. “I try to picture what the evenings are like there. I can’t fathom it.”

    “Think of the difference if the countries who have drugs to spare could offer more of a helping hand!” says Diane.

    “The degree to which a small amount in Africa can save millions and millions of lives in something staggering to behold”, confirms the earnest Jamie Drummond, executive director of a campaign to get the rich nations to give a little bit more.

    Jamie exudes do-gooder decency, concern, and brisk executive helpfulness from every pore, but one imagines that his actual experience of sick individuals encompasses scores or hundreds at most, and not the millions and millions he has expanded this into in the fertile fields of his imagination. And all of that personal experience was viewed through the spectacles of the current religion in all African sickness, which interprets almost any ailment now as a “symptom of AIDS”.

    Come to that, what does he imagine is the problem with Helena’s mother, that his wonder drugs which can “save millions and millions” have had no helpful effect over the last five months, when she has gone from ill but standing to lying dolefully in her sick bed with TB, which Diane explicitly warns us will likely turn it into a deathbed soon enough?

    There is one ray of light one can detect in this segment, however. Not all the emphasis is on AIDS. TB is allowed to make an independent entry onto the stage two or three times, as mentioned. Another example is the end of segment comment on th first segment, above (later segments are on Brad’s exciting personal life).

    “The cost of just one sandwich and soda in America would fund six months of a drug to cure a child in Africa of TB,” says Diane.

    Surprisingly, she (or rather, the ABC producers, the people who are the political windsocks at the network) shifted the focus to TB from AIDS.

    One can only hope that this is a sign of things to come, where if the paradigm of infectious AIDS remains as scientifically bankrupt as the literature indicates, the shift to dealing with other diseases in their own name and their own right, and with the health and economic infrastructure in African nations, can only be welcomed as a new and improved direction for aid.

    For the moment, however, it adds up to yet another propaganda coup for the prevailing paradigm, for which the US media almost uniformly act as if they were paid public relations spokespeople.

    Posted by scienceguardian | Categories: Uncategorized | No Comments »

    New York Sun front pages the LA Times “superbug” critique

    June 6th, 2005

    The New York Sun is a conservative daily started three years ago which has established a reputation for reporting and criticism which is often more incisive than the New York Times in politics and the arts. But it has seemed as hamstrung as other mainstream media when it comes to dealing with issues in science.

    Today (Mon June 6) however, it picks up a story from the Los Angeles Times criticising the alarmist and publicity seeking behavior of scientists in the notorious “Superbug” affair, a scare based on a single case of the supposed new variety of HIV resistant to all the usual medications, which has since fizzled in the absence of any confirming evidence at all.

    What’s interesting is that the Sun places this story top right on the front page with large headlines, including the rather damning subhead, “Warning, Says Doctor, Was Raised ‘Without a Shred of Evidence’.

    Is it possible that the Sun might bring its magnifying glass closer to the overall story of AIDS if ecnouraged with a little background briefing, perhaps an op-edit? After all, conservative publications have always been

    the ones that have carried the skeptical view on AIDS, just as they have on other liberal-progressive scientific sacred cows such as human caused global warming.

    On the other hand, the New York Times—notoriously an establishment fellow traveler in AIDS as in other scientific issues—ran the same skeptical story a week or two after the Super HIV story broke (see Self-Serving Alarm at the Fierce Virus Feb 27 post below). It slammed the health officials and David Ho in much the same terms—well, perhaps more gently.

    Here’s the full piece if you want to read it. Note that it reports that strains of HIV that don’t respond to many of the medications are common, and that the episode is treated as an opportunity to make self-promoting remarks by most of the sources consulted.

    June 6, 2005 Edition > Section: New York > Printer-Friendly Version

    Doubts Now Emerging About AIDS Superbug Reported in February

    Warning, Says Doctor, Was Raised ‘Without a Shred of Evidence’

    NYC’s Announcement is Called Naive, Alarmist

    BY CHARLES PILLER - Los Angeles Times

    June 6, 2005

    URL: http://www.nysun.com/article/14901

    The announcement from New York health officials in early February was chilling: A single patient had progressed from HIV infection to AIDS in months rather than years, and his strain of the HIV virus seemed impervious to normally effective medicines.

    The patient, a gay man in his 40s, had unprotected anal intercourse with scores of partners. Headlines of a potential new killer spread around the world.

    “This case is a wake-up call,” New York City’s health commissioner, Dr. Thomas Frieden, said at a news conference where he issued a warning for physicians to prepare for a possible new phase in the epidemic.

    Yet several AIDS experts immediately questioned the importance of the case and the strategy of publicizing it so widely.

    Months later, those doubts seem to have been confirmed.

    No super-strain has emerged. The patient, whose name has been withheld, has responded to drug therapy. No one - not even the man’s known sexual partners - was found to be infected with the same HIV strain.

    Some AIDS specialists now say the New York announcement was scientifically naive and needlessly alarmist - risking the effectiveness of future prevention efforts.

    “Does it do good to [mislead] people and exaggerate?” the co-discoverer of the virus that causes AIDS, Dr. Robert Gallo, asked. He condemned Dr. Frieden’s far-reaching conclusions as “scientifically, completely invalid, without a shred of evidence.”

    Dr. Frieden and the director of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in Manhattan, Dr. David Ho, where much of the patient’s lab work was done, declined interview requests.

    But Dr. Frieden recently defended his decision in a letter to the journal Annals of Internal Medicine.

    “We did not issue an alert to cause fear, nor do we think this was the primary result of our announcement,” Dr. Frieden wrote. “It would not have been appropriate to await additional cases before making an announcement. The goal of public health is to prevent, not describe, outbreaks.”

    The patient’s condition did seem to encompass a frightening confluence of factors.

    The presence of HIV in the patient’s blood reached high levels and essential immune system cells were severely depleted within 20 months after he was infected, rather than the typical several years. Three of the four major classes of antiretroviral drugs proved ineffective.

    The patient was a user of crystal methamphetamine, an illegal drug that loosens inhibitions and can suppress immune response.

    The seriousness of the alert was bolstered by the stature of the doctors behind it, some of whom were among the most respected in AIDS research. Dr. Ho, Time magazine’s 1996 Man of the Year for his AIDS work, lent a stamp of scientific certainty.

    The February announcement included caveats about assuming too much from a single case. But scientific uncertainty can be a hard sell to the press, and the event seemed suffused with the subtext that this could be a turning point in the epidemic.

    Hundreds of articles and broadcasts followed. Some took a hysterical tone - perhaps an overreaction by press outlets that were criticized for ignoring early cases of AIDS more than 20 years ago.

    “New AIDS Super Bug - Nightmare Strain Shows Up in City,” trumpeted the New York Post. “New AIDS Peril Puts America on High Alert,” was how the Hindu, one of India’s large national newspapers, played the story. The New York Times headlined one of its several stories: “Chilled by Findings, Investigators Dreaded the Mounting Evidence.”

    The problem, however, was that for many experienced AIDS workers, none of the conditions were new or particularly rare.

    The director of the Center for AIDS Research at the University of California, San Diego, Dr. Douglas Richman, said resistance to three classes of AIDS drugs was relatively common.

    “Rapid progression occurs in a subset of people,” Dr. Richman, lead author of a study that showed widespread drug resistance similar to that of the New York patient’s, said. “High rates of promiscuity among men who have sex with men, especially those who abuse methamphetamines, is frighteningly high.”

    “I didn’t see this as a new, master virus that posed a threat of a new epidemic,” Dr. Richman said.

    Dr. Gallo, director of the Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland, said the New York officials might have jumped to the conclusion that a single virulent infection would be easily transmitted.

    The infection may say more about the individual’s susceptibility to the virus than about the virus’ ability to spread easily.

    Canadian researchers Dr. Julio Montaner and Richard Harrigan at the British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS detected two similar cases in 2001, and those patients apparently did not pass along the virus.

    “It wasn’t clear that there was a real public health benefit from the way the announcement was made, as opposed to investigating more details in advance,” the director of the Center for AIDS Research at UC San Francisco, Dr. Paul Volberding, said.

    The New York case has reflected the fractured perspectives about how to combat AIDS in an era when the epidemic has lost some of its urgency.

    Once AIDS was a virtual death sentence. Today, with appropriate care and drug treatments, most people in this country with HIV or AIDS live relatively long lives. But the improvement has fed a growing complacency among high-risk populations and the general public.

    At the same time, widespread use of crystal meth and its tendency to promote unsafe sex has undermined recent progress - a message that advocacy groups and health officials have tried to convey with limited success.

    The New York case offered a rare megaphone to wake people up. Several health officials and AIDS support groups agreed with the high alert.

    “The time to issue a warning is when something bad might take place,” the AIDS prevention director for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dr. Ronald Valdiserri, said. “I don’t think it was counterproductive.”

    Gay Men’s Health Crisis, a major New York service and advocacy group that receives health-department funding, was a key participant in the New York announcement.

    Dr. Frieden “handled the announcement prudently,” the director of an AIDS prevention program for the Gay Men’s Health Crisis and Aids Project Los Angeles, George Ayala, said.

    “We want to be mindful of where the epidemic is going and use these situations to remind ourselves about the seriousness of HIV and AIDS,” Mr. Ayala said.

    But the executive director of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Matt Foreman, said the announcement was irresponsible and had damaged the credibility of the effort to combat AIDS.

    “It had a very salacious overtone,” Mr. Foreman said. “What it did was feed stereotypes about gay men and their sexual behavior. … Another two weeks or three weeks to really understand the science and the implications of these findings would have been appropriate - not this rush to judgment.”

    June 6, 2005 Edition > Section: New York > Printer-Friendly Version

    Posted by scienceguardian | Categories: Uncategorized | No Comments »

    Malaria, the true scourge of sub-Saharan Africa, can be prevented

    June 5th, 2005

    Malaria infests 300 million people a year on the planet, and kills 1 to 3 million. But it gets very little media coverage compared with the more dramatic and sensational�and politically fashionable plague of AIDS.

    The Los Angeles Times draws attention to malaria, however, in a series it begins today, and deserves credit for that.

    When the sun goes down in Africa, death stalks the children. It seldom comes from jungle cats or venomous snakes, but often from bugs smaller than a toddler’s thumbnail. Every year, their deadly sting kills more people than at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, more than December’s tsunami in Asia, more than the combined Union and Confederate casualties in the Civil War. If a biblical plague slaughtered every man, woman and child in Philadelphia, it would not equal some estimates of the death toll from malaria in the last 12 months.

    …Yet the U.S. government spends about half as much on malaria per year as it spends in one day in Iraq. It also places a lower priority on malaria than other diseases, spending 30 to 40 times more in the fight against AIDS than on malaria, maybe because Americans get AIDS but not malaria…

    … in the case of malaria, negligence is especially immoral given the cost and effectiveness of available treatment. Anti-malaria combination therapies cost about $2 a treatment in Africa…

    Just about everyone living in sub-Saharan Africa gets malaria at least once a year. Most survive but suffer from anemia, recurring fevers and physical weakness. Many children also survive an infection, but with impaired physical and cognitive development….

    Deadly as it is, malaria is rightly considered among the more soluble diseases plaguing Africa, one that can be fought effectively at comparatively low cost, which is why this killer bug is once again drawing so much attention. But unless data are presented showing that anti-malaria programs work, that money will quickly dry up.

    Here is the url of this malaria article at the LA Times: The Killer Bug

    Here is the full text of The Killer Bug malaria article:

    latimes.com

    advertisement

    http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-ed-malintro5jun05,1,3190985.story?coll=la-news-comment&ctrack=1&cset=true

    MALARIA: THE STING OF DEATH

    The Killer Bug

    There are solutions, but most come down to one thing: commitment.

    June 5, 2005

    When the sun goes down in Africa, death stalks the children. It seldom comes from jungle cats or venomous snakes, but often from bugs smaller than a toddler’s thumbnail. Every year, their deadly sting kills more people than at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, more than December’s tsunami in Asia, more than the combined Union and Confederate casualties in the Civil War. If a biblical plague slaughtered every man, woman and child in Philadelphia, it would not equal some estimates of the death toll from malaria in the last 12 months.

    Well, some might say, the world is full of tragedy. We can’t cure all disease or save all lost children. But these acres of graves are the needless legacy of a disease that we have known how to cure for a century. And each life might have been saved for about $2 � less than the price of a latte.

    Public health authorities can only guess how many people die of malaria because most of the victims never make it to a clinic; the estimates range from 1 million to 3 million a year. Most of the dead are children under age 5, and 90% had the misfortune to be born in sub-Saharan Africa, a land trapped somewhere between the modern world and the Stone Age.

    A Timeless Disease

    Malaria’s origins can’t be traced to a specific time period; the disease may be as old as civilized man (some speculate that it arose around the time humans started clustering in agricultural communities). A Chinese medical text from 2700 BC describes its symptoms. It is a bug carried by a bug � a parasite carried in the salivary glands of the anopheles mosquito. Humans and mosquitoes live in a vicious circle of infection. The mosquito gets the parasite by stinging a human who is already infected with it, then stings an uninfected human and passes it on.

    The word malaria means “bad air” in Italian, because for centuries people thought that fetid vapors, particularly from swamps, were responsible for its spread. Then, in 1897, a Nobel Prize-winning British physician named Ronald Ross discovered that the mosquito was responsible.

    The response around the world was to attack the bloodsuckers where they lived. One of the most successful programs started in 1904, when the U.S. military began draining swamps in the Panama Canal Zone � malaria and yellow fever were killing or disabling so many workers that the completion of the canal was in jeopardy.

    In the 1930s, a similar approach was taken in the American South, where the parasite was thriving. During World War II, DDT was developed and sprayed in millions of U.S. homes. The drugs primaquine and chloroquine were added to the older quinine as effective treatments, and, by 1953, malaria was all but eradicated in the United States.

    It was a heady time. The world had seemingly conquered a disease that had shadowed man’s footsteps for millenniums; anything seemed possible. In the late 1950s, the World Health Organization led a campaign to eliminate malaria from the rest of the world, pumping the equivalent of billions of today’s dollars into the quest � an amount that, given today’s politics, seems almost incomprehensible. Workers armed with DDT sprayers descended like Blackhawks over Baghdad on the huts and houses of the Third World.

    But the malaria parasite is one of nature’s more perfect killers, and this eradication effort was largely a failure. Malaria rates were reduced in some parts of the world, but in places with a more severe problem than this country had ever faced, the mosquitoes simply started developing resistance to the insecticide. And the DDT armies didn’t even try to fight the bugs in sub-Saharan Africa, where the problem was deemed so severe that such efforts would be pointless. Today, malaria kills more people than ever.

    A Very Modest Goal

    The WHO failure discouraged ambitious anti-malaria programs for decades. Then, in 1998, the WHO and the World Bank established the Roll Back Malaria partnership. In 2000, the G-8 club of industrialized nations identified three pandemics that it would work to cure, and in 2002 established the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.

    A very modest anti-malaria goal was set in 2000 by the United Nations as part of its Millennium Development Goals: to halt and begin to reverse the rise in the incidence of malaria by 2015. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (whose president is married to the editor who supervises this page) also focuses on malaria eradication, further attracting attention to the disease.

    Yet the U.S. government spends about half as much on malaria per year as it spends in one day in Iraq. It also places a lower priority on malaria than other diseases, spending 30 to 40 times more in the fight against AIDS than on malaria, maybe because Americans get AIDS but not malaria.

    It is absurd, of course, to argue that one global epidemic is more deserving of attention than others. But fighting one disease need not divert resources from the battle against another. And, in the case of malaria, negligence is especially immoral given the cost and effectiveness of available treatment. Anti-malaria combination therapies cost about $2 a treatment in Africa (though that is still far too expensive for large numbers of Africans to afford).

    The Sick Continent

    Sub-Saharan Africa is an economic sinkhole, stuck in what Columbia University economist Jeffrey Sachs calls a “poverty trap.” Other poor corners of the globe, such as India and East Asia, are making progress, showing marked improvement in per capita income over the last decade and a half. Sub-Saharan Africa is standing still, if not getting poorer. Is it that its governments are too corrupt, or its farming methods too ancient, or its ethnic tensions too corrosive?

    These are all factors. But none is unique to sub-Saharan Africa, and other places with these problems still have managed to reduce poverty. What is unusual about this region is the burden of disease, more intense than anywhere else on Earth. And one of the most insidious is malaria. The WHO estimates that the disease costs the African economy about $12 billion a year. Just about everyone living in sub-Saharan Africa gets malaria at least once a year. Most survive but suffer from anemia, recurring fevers and physical weakness. Many children also survive an infection, but with impaired physical and cognitive development.

    Among the more cruel paradoxes of malaria is that this disease that kills millions of children also fuels overpopulation. In countries with high infant mortality, parents have a grim way of playing the odds, knowing they have to have a lot of children to make up for the ones who won’t make it past the age of 5.

    Looking Ahead

    The malaria parasite is remarkably complex and adaptable. As soon as scientists discover a new drug to fight it, the parasite starts developing resistance. Ditto for the mosquitoes that carry it, which eventually build resistance to poison sprays.

    As a result, many health experts, particularly those who remember the WHO failure of the 1950s and ’60s, are skeptical that malaria can ever be eradicated. But no one doubts that its toll on humankind can be substantially reduced. And even achieving only the U.N.’s millennium goal of reversing the rise of the disease would save thousands, if not millions, of lives.

    There won’t be a magic bullet � the solution will involve a combination of drugs, better availability of treatment, bed nets, insecticide spraying and, ideally, a vaccine. The Gates Foundation is in the process of selecting one country in which it will provide all the available resources, and measure the results. That kind of measurement is critical. Deadly as it is, malaria is rightly considered among the more soluble diseases plaguing Africa, one that can be fought effectively at comparatively low cost, which is why this killer bug is once again drawing so much attention. But unless data are presented showing that anti-malaria programs work, that money will quickly dry up.

    In the coming months, The Times will examine some of the key challenges in the battle against malaria. There are solutions, but most come down to one thing: commitment. Most of the world’s richest countries made lofty promises to fight malaria at the turn of the millennium. In the years since, these pledges have not been met.

    The result of this failure is a sting of death afflicting millions. The United States and other rich nations have it in their power to easily prevent this sting, and we will have it on our conscience if we fail to do so.

    Copyright 2005 Los Angeles Times

    Let’s repeat in boldface:

    Just about everyone living in sub-Saharan Africa gets malaria at least once a year. Most survive but suffer from anemia, recurring fevers and physical weakness. Many children also survive an infection, but with impaired physical and cognitive development….

    Now ask yourself, how likely is it that these symptoms will be interpreted as “AIDS” in an area where tests are never done (or if they are, they seem to be virtually meaningless, since they cross react with malaria?

    ********************************************************

    Warning to travelers to the AIDS Conference in Durban this week.

    Do not forget your malaria pills. If you do, and get malaria, then do not confuse the aftermath of malaria with AIDS, for which you will likely test HIV positive.

    ********************************************************

    What Bill Gates unfortunately doesn’t seem to have been told is that according to the best literature in science malaria exists but AIDS appears to be nothing more than relabeling of conventional diseases and toxicities as “AIDS” caused by “HIV”, and mismedicated accordingly in ways which soon produce the symptoms of “AIDS”.

    If this conclusion is true (and it is the one which the best and most hostile peer reviewers in science have been unable to prove faulty in the pages of journals which are the bibles of science) then every penny spent on AIDS drugs in Africa is a penny wasted on causing disease rather than curing the twin scourges of sub-Sahara, tuberculosis and malaria.

    Of course, malaria was originally cut down by DDT, which killed off the mosquitoes which carry the disease from an infected human to another, uninfected one. Michael Crichton in his recent novel “State of Fear”, which criticizes environmental alarmism, says that the ban on DDT has “killed more people than Hitler”. Now many argue for the return of DDT, at least for use in Africa which is hot and disintegrates the chemical rapidly.

    On the other hand, insects evolve rapidly to become immune to any chemical, and there will always be that limit on DDT use. A judicious op-ed article on the topic appears today at the Washington Post by May Berenbaum, head of the department of entomology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign..

    Click on (more) below for the full text of the Washington Post op-ed or go to this url If

    washingtonpost.com

    If Malaria’s the Problem, DDT’s Not the Only Answer

    By May Berenbaum

    Post

    Sunday, June 5, 2005; B03

    In the pantheon of poisons, DDT occupies a special place. It’s the only pesticide celebrated with a Nobel Prize: Swiss chemist Paul Mueller won in 1948 for having discovered its insecticidal properties. But it’s also the only pesticide condemned in pop song lyrics — Joni Mitchell’s famous “Hey, farmer, farmer put away your DDT now” — for damaging the environment. Banned in the United States more than 30 years ago, it remains America’s best known toxic substance. Like some sort of rap star, it’s known just by its initials; it’s the Notorious B.I.G. of pesticides.

    Now DDT is making headlines again. Many African governments are calling for access to the pesticide, believing that it’s their best hope against malaria, a disease that infects more than 300 million people worldwide a year and kills at least 3 million, a large proportion of them children. And this has raised a controversy of Solomonic dimensions, pitting environmentalists against advocates of DDT use.

    The dispute between them centers on whether the potential benefits of reducing malaria transmission outweigh the potential risks to the environment. But the problem isn’t that simple. This is a dispute in which science should play a significant role, but what science tells us is that DDT is neither the ultimate pesticide nor the ultimate poison, and that the lessons of the past are being ignored in today’s discussion.

    The United Nations Environment Program has identified DDT as a persistent organic pollutant that can cause environmental harm and lists it as one of a “dirty dozen” whose use is scheduled for worldwide reduction or elimination. But some DDT advocates have resorted to anti-environmentalist drama to make their case for its use in Africa.

    They have accused environmental activists of having “blood on their hands” and causing more than 50 million “needless deaths” by enforcing DDT bans in developing nations. In his best-selling anti-environmentalist novel “State of Fear,” Michael Crichton writes that a ban on using DDT to control malaria “has killed more people than Hitler.”

    Such statements make good copy, but in reality, chemicals do not wear white hats or black hats, and scientists know that there really are no miracles.

    Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite that is transmitted by mosquitoes. For decades, there have been two major strategies for curbing the disease: killing the infectious agent or killing the carrier. Reliably killing the protozoan has proved difficult; many older drugs are no longer effective, new ones are prohibitively expensive, and delivering and administering drugs to the susceptible populace presents daunting challenges. Killing the carrier has long been an attractive alternative.

    And DDT has been an astonishingly effective killer of mosquitoes. DDT (which stands for the far less catchy dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) is a synthetic chemical that didn’t exist anywhere on the planet until it was cooked up for no particular purpose in a German laboratory in 1874. Decades later, in 1939, Mueller pulled it off a shelf and tested it, along with many other synthetic substances, for its ability to kill insects. DDT distinguished itself both by its amazing efficacy and its breadth of action — by interfering with nervous system function, it proved deadly to almost anything with six, or even eight, legs. And it was dirt-cheap compared to other chemicals in use — it could be quickly and easily synthesized in chemical laboratories from inexpensive ingredients.

    Soon after its insecticidal properties were discovered, DDT was put to use combating wartime insect-borne diseases that have bedeviled troops mobilized around the world for centuries. It stemmed a louse-borne typhus outbreak in Italy and prevented mosquito-borne diseases in the Pacific theater, including malaria and yellow fever, to almost miraculous effect. This military success emboldened governments around the world to use DDT after World War II to try to eradicate the longtime scourge of malaria. And in many parts of the world, malaria deaths dropped precipitously. This spectacular success is why many people are calling for the use of DDT specifically for malaria control.

    At the same time that malaria deaths were dropping in some places, however, the environmental persistence of DDT was creating major problems for wildlife, as famously documented in Rachel Carson’s classic 1962 book, “Silent Spring.” By 1972, the pesticide had become the “poster poison” for fat-soluble chemicals that accumulate in food chains and cause extensive collateral damage to wildlife (including charismatic predators such as songbirds and raptors), and a total ban on the use of DDT went into effect in the United States.

    What people aren’t remembering about the history of DDT is that, in many places, it failed to eradicate malaria not because of environmentalist restrictions on its use but because it simply stopped working. Insects have a phenomenal capacity to adapt to new poisons; anything that kills a large proportion of a population ends up changing the insects’ genetic composition so as to favor those few individuals that manage to survive due to random mutation. In the continued presence of the insecticide, susceptible populations can be rapidly replaced by resistant ones. Though widespread use of DDT didn’t begin until WWII, there were resistant houseflies in Europe by 1947, and by 1949, DDT-resistant mosquitoes were documented on two continents.

    By 1972, when the U.S. DDT ban went into effect, 19 species of mosquitoes capable of transmitting malaria, including some in Africa, were resistant to DDT. Genes for DDT resistance can persist in populations for decades. Spraying DDT on the interior walls of houses — the form of chemical use advocated as the solution to Africa’s malaria problem — led to the evolution of resistance 40 years ago and will almost certainly lead to it again in many places unless resistance monitoring and management strategies are put into place.

    In fact, pockets of resistance to DDT in some mosquito species in Africa are already well documented. There are strains of mosquitoes that can metabolize DDT into harmless byproducts and mosquitoes whose nervous systems are immune to DDT. There are even mosquitoes who avoid the toxic effects of DDT by resting between meals not on the interior walls of houses, where chemicals are sprayed, but on the exterior walls, where they don’t encounter the chemical at all.

    The truth is that DDT is neither superhero nor supervillain — it’s just a tool. And if entomologists have learned anything in the last half-century of dealing with the million-plus species of insects in the world, it’s that there is no such thing as an all-purpose weapon when it comes to pest management. DDT may be useful in controlling malaria in some places in Africa, but it’s essential to determine whether target populations are resistant; if they are, then no amount of DDT will be effective.

    We have new means of determining whether populations are genetically prone to developing resistance. DDT advocates are right to suggest that DDT may be useful as a precision instrument under some circumstances, particularly considering that environmental contamination in Africa may be less of a problem than it has been in temperate ecosystems because the chemical can degrade faster due to higher temperatures, moisture levels and microbial activity. Moreover, resistance evolves due to random mutation, so there are, by chance, malaria-carrying mosquito species in Africa that remain susceptible to DDT despite more than two decades of exposure to the chemical.

    But environmentalists are right to worry that the unwise use of DDT, particularly where it is likely to be ineffective, may cause environmental harm without any benefit. In 2000, I chaired a National Research Council committee that published a study titled “The Future Role of Pesticides in U.S. Agriculture.” Our principal recommendation is germane to discussions of malaria management: “There is no justification for completely abandoning chemicals per se as components in the defensive toolbox used for managing pests. The committee recommends maintaining a diversity of tools for maximizing flexibility, precision, and stability of pest management.”

    Overselling a chemical’s capacity to solve a problem can do irretrievable harm not only by raising false hopes but by delaying the use of more effective long-term methods. So let’s drop the hyperbole and overblown rhetoric — it’s not what Africa needs. What’s needed is a recognition of the problem’s complexity and a willingness to use every available weapon to fight disease in an informed and rational way.

    Author’s e-mail: maybe@uiuc.edu

    May Berenbaum is head of the department of entomology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

    � 2005 The Washington Post Company

    DDT advocates are right to suggest that DDT may be useful as a precision instrument under some circumstances, particularly considering that environmental contamination in Africa may be less of a problem than it has been in temperate ecosystems because the chemical can degrade faster due to higher temperatures, moisture levels and microbial activity. Moreover, resistance evolves due to random mutation, so there are, by chance, malaria-carrying mosquito species in Africa that remain susceptible to DDT despite more than two decades of exposure to the chemical.

    But environmentalists are right to worry that the unwise use of DDT, particularly where it is likely to be ineffective, may cause environmental harm without any benefit. In 2000, I chaired a National Research Council committee that published a study titled “The Future Role of Pesticides in U.S. Agriculture.” Our principal recommendation is germane to discussions of malaria management: “There is no justification for completely abandoning chemicals per se as components in the defensive toolbox used for managing pests. The committee recommends maintaining a diversity of tools for maximizing flexibility, precision, and stability of pest management.”

    Judging from this it seems possible that DDT will be used once again to fight what is one of the twin true killers of sub-Saharan Africa.

    Posted by scienceguardian | Categories: Uncategorized | No Comments »

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    Science Guardian incorporates Global Health Review, New AIDS Review, Damned Heretics and Paradigm Overthrow.

    Guide to plan and purpose of this blog:

    Purpose: The aim is to defend the values of science and good scientists in the paradigm wars of HIV/AIDS, cancer, evolution, global warming, nutrition, religious belief and any other disputes over new and different ideas in science, health and politics against subjectivity and self-interest, mining truths buried in the journal literature and commonly overlooked by the media.

    We review novel claims without prejudice against modern Galileos, courageous whistleblowers, distinguished mavericks, past or future Nobelists, or any other publicly damned but highly respectable heretics, that is, informed and independent minds (such as the noted scientists Peter Duesberg, James Watson and Kary Mullis) who may question scripture.

    The blog aims at balanced commentary on the rival claims of paradigm defenders and informed dissidents, judging truth objectively with reason and evidence and by reading specialist journals generally overlooked by busy media reporters and commentators, though not without applying a filter of common sense and carefully reviewing the peer-reviewed scientific and medical record for the influence of power politics, self interest, data management, misinterpretation, religious fervor and other human follies.

    The blog is designed to be a guide to better science in public policy through a) a continuing series of posts highlighting error and confusion in certain scientific fields where paradigms are sustained beyond their shelf life and b) a set of links to relevant other sites, which blogroll is lower down in the sidebar on the right.

    A list of the personal frailties that distort science in the 21st Century is at the Master List of Scientific Corruptions page (click the following invisible link, apologies for the link color problem, which in the absence of the Webmaster it is not known how to fix): -->Master list of scientific corruptions<--

    Blogroll

    The right hand margin of the blog contains all the title links to each post from the start of blog (most recent post at top) and then, below that, the blogroll, links to hundreds of relevant sites, papers and books, ordered according to whether they are accurate, helpful or misleading, with the best in each section starred at the top of the list.

    Pages are best displayed in Safari or Firefox (PC or Mac), or Google Chrome (PC), and may be wrongly displayed by Internet Explorer which may not distinguish between boldface and normal text.

    How to print out posts and comment threads:

    Posts are best printed out when they are displayed individually, because the multi-post front page printout will include, for some reason best known to the lost Webmaster, the blogroll and list of all posts down the side, which most people do not wish to print out.

    To display a post individually click its title.

    Contributions

    All $$$ and informative text contributions and inside tips welcome and appreciated, with privacy and/or anonymity guaranteed.

    Thank you to all supporters and patrons, since we prefer to avoid ads and blog host resources alone are insufficient to fight the propaganda and disinformation of megabillion dollar medico-science empires based on scientific fiction.

    Appreciation is a wonderful thing: it makes what is excellent in others belong to us as well. - Voltaire.

    This blog extends an open invitation to all skeptical realists interested in correcting human error, including ours.

    Please join us in defending science and sense against corrupting human frailties and motivations (see Master List of Scientific Corruptions at this link:--> Master List of Scientific Corruptions<--

    (Apologies again for the color problem in the links here, which can only be viewed if you use the highlight function, but are otherwise invisible, because they are the same color as the background. We cannot work out how to change this. The adaptation of this site from Powerblog software to Wordpress by programmer Frank Lusardi was inexplicably abandoned while still incomplete, the result of some misunderstanding which Lusardi was unwilling to explain, perhaps because it was simply the well known Web designer syndrome where site designers suddenly abandon ship out of boredom and resentment that their tedious work is insufficiently recognized, leaving colleagues with no way of reverse engineering or deconstructing what they have done.)

    All material copyright Science Guardian, Global Heath Review and New AIDS Review 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 (Anthony Liversidge, Founder, Writer and Editor).

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